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Disease syndromes
Swine
In swine, infection with Brahcyspira pilosicoli causes a disease known porcine intestinal spirochetosis [1]. Clinical signs associated with the disease include reduced productivity, hemorrhagic colitis and bloody mucoid diarrhea[1]. Stressors such as weaning and mixing predispose pigs to the disease and are the times when the disease occurs most frequently.
Poultry
In poultry, infection with Brachyspira pilosicoli causes a characteristic disease called avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS)[2]. Disease is associated with severe watery diarrhea and loss of productivity. The disease occurs most frequently in laying hens and breeding flocks[2]. It is unlikely to see AIS in broiler barns because the birds are typically slaughtered before they come in contact with the bacteria. In laying hens, AIS can result in decreased egg production, delayed onset of egg production and reduced egg quality, all causing economic impacts to the producer (reference).
Humans
Infection with Brahcyspira pilosicoli causes human colonic spirochetosis, also termed intestinal spirochetosis[3]. Clinical signs of the disease include diarrhea, headaches, bloating, cramping, rectal bleeding and colitis. However, the majority of infections are asymptomatic. Intestinal spirochetosis occurs more commonly in developing countries compared to developed countries[3]. The prevalence of infection in developing countries varies based on the country and lifestyle. Epidemiological data from individuals living in Bali, Indonesia indicate that the prevalence of colonization is between 11-12% [4]. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of colonization can be as high as 20-25% [5][6]. In developed countries, immunocompromised individuals, individuals living with HIV and homosexual men have an increased risk of infection[3][1] . Colonization with Brahcyspira pilosicoli is often an incidental finding on rectal biopsy or fecal samples[3].
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- ^ a b c Dj, Hampson (2017-11-29). "The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans". Clinical microbiology reviews. PMID 29187397. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ^ a b Le Roy, Caroline I.; Mappley, Luke J.; La Ragione, Roberto M.; Woodward, Martin J.; Claus, Sandrine P. (2015-12-15). "Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced avian intestinal spirochaetosis". Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease. 26 (0). doi:10.3402/mehd.v26.28853. ISSN 1651-2235. PMC 4683989. PMID 26679774.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d Smith, James (2005). "Colonic Spirochetosis in Animals and Humans" (PDF). Journal of Food Protection. 68: 1525–1534.
- ^ Margawani, K. Rini; Robertson, Ian D.; Brooke, C. Josephine; Hampson, David J. (2004-04-01). "Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira pilosicoli in humans on the island of Bali, Indonesia". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 53 (4): 325–332. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05415-0. ISSN 0022-2615.
- ^ Trott, D. J.; Combs, B. G.; Mikosza, A. S. J.; Oxberry, S. L.; Robertson, I. D.; Passey, M.; Taime, J.; Sehuko, R.; Alpers, M. P.; Hampson, D. J. (1997). "The Prevalence of Serpulina pilosicoli in Humans and Domestic Animals in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea". Epidemiology and Infection. 119 (3): 369–379. ISSN 0950-2688.
- ^ Munshi, M. A.; Traub, R. J.; Robertson, I. D.; Mikosza, A. S. J.; Hampson, D. J. (2004). "Colonization and Risk Factors for Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira pilosicoli in Humans and Dogs on Tea Estates in Assam, India". Epidemiology and Infection. 132 (1): 137–144. ISSN 0950-2688.