User:IntegralPython/sandbox/Fractal measure
Fractal measure is any measure which generalizes the notions of length, area, and volume to non-integer dimensions, especially in application towards fractals. There is no unique fractal measure, in part although not entirely due to the lack of a unique definition of fractal dimension; the most common fractal measures include the hausdorff measure and the packing measure, based off of the hausdorff dimension and packing dimension respectively.[1] Fractal measures are measures in the sense of measure theory, and are usually defined to agree with the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure when n is an integer.[2] Fractal measures find application in the study of fractal geometry, as well as in physics and biology through the study of fractal derivatives.[3] Fractal measure can be used to define the fractal dimension or vice versa.
Although related, differing fractal measures are not the same, and may provide different measurements for the same shape.
Hausdorff measure
The Hasudorff measure is the most-used fractal measure and provides a definition for Hausdorff dimension, which is in turn one of the most frequently used definitions of fractal dimension. Intuitively, the Hausdorff measure can be thought of as covering the set by other sets, and taking the smallest possible measure of the coverings as the they approach zero.
Let be a metric space. For any subset , let denote its diameter, that is
Let be any subset of and a real number. We take
where the infimum is over all countable covers of by sets satisfying ; the Hausdorff measure is the limit of as approaches zero.
When the d-dimensional Hausdorff measure is an integer, is proportional to the Lebesgue measure for that dimension. Due to this, some definitions of Hausdorff measure include a scaling by the volume of the unit d-ball, expressed using Euler's gamma function as
Packing measure
Just as the packing dimension is in some ways a dual to the Hausdorff dimension, the packing measure is a counterpart to the Hausdorff measure. The packing measure is defined informally as the measure of "packing" a set with open balls, and calculating the measure of those balls.
Let (X, d) be a metric space with a subset S ⊆ X and let s ≥ 0. We take a "pre-measure" of S, defined to be
The pre-measure is made into a true measure, where the s-dimensional packing measure of S is defined to be
i.e., the packing measure of S is the infimum of the packing pre-measures of countable covers of S.
References
- ^ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:22333/FULLTEXT01
- ^ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-2958-0_1
- ^ Chen, W. (2006). "Time–space fabric underlying anomalous diffusion". Chaos, Solitons and Fractals. 28 (4): 923–929. arXiv:math-ph/0505023. Bibcode:2006CSF....28..923C. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2005.08.199. S2CID 18369880.
- ^ https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Hausdorff_measure
- ^ https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.rae/1214571371