Tortoiseshell cat

Tortoiseshell and calico describe a coloring found in cats caused by a combination of specific genetic traits. It is a mix of phaeomelanin based colors (red) and eumelanin based color (black, chocolate and cinnamon). Cats of this coloration are believed to bring good luck in the folklore of many cultures.[1]

Patterns

The mix of colors results in a cat with patches of red and patches of black, chocolate or cinnamon. The size of the patches can vary from a fine speckled pattern to large areas of colour. Typically, the more white a cat has, the more solid the patches of color. Dilution genes may modify the coloring, lightening the fur to a mix of cream and blue, lilac or fawn. Occasionally brown or blue/grey tabby patterns are also seen (sometimes called "torbies"). Tortoiseshell also can be expressed in the point pattern. The description "tortoiseshell" (also called "calimanco" or "clouded tiger" in North America) is typically reserved for cats with brindled coats that have relatively little or no white markings, while those that are largely white with red and black patches (rather than a brindled aspect) are described as tortoiseshell-and-white (in the UK) or calico (in the United States). Calicos with a tabby pattern are also known as caliby or more commonly torbie. Tortoiseshells and calicos are not specific breeds of cat. The tortoiseshell markings appear in many different breeds.

Coat Color Genetics

Main article: Cat coat genetics

Coat coloration in cats is complex, and controlled by several genes. One gene involved has two alleles: the Orange allele, O, which is the dominant form, (i.e., XO), and produces orange fur; and the "Black" allele, "o", which is the recessive form, (i.e., Xo), and produces black fur.

For a cat to be a tortoiseshell or calico, it must simultaneously express both of the alleles, O and o, which are two versions of the same gene, located at the same location on the X chromosome. Males normally cannot do this: they can have only one allele, as they have only one X chromosome. Virtually all tortoiseshell or calico cats are females. Occasionally a male is born (the rate is approximately 1 in 3,000 [2]). These may have Klinefelter's syndrome, carrying an extra X chromosome, and will almost always be sterile or they may be a chimera resulting from the fusion of two differently coloured embryos.

The spotting gene causes white patches to cover the colored fur. Although there is no genetic difference, the amount of white is artificially divided into mitted, bicolour, harlequin, and van, going from almost no white to almost completely white.

In normal female tortoiseshell cats and in Klinefelter males, the position of the patches depends on which X-chromosome is active in each cell and which is inactivated to become a Barr body.

Calicos are males only 1/3000 of the time, and this is due to an extremely rare genetic condition called XXY, where he gets two X chromosomes instead of one, and a Y chromosome.