User:Moxy/Help:Introduction to/All
66 pages
Intros 2 pages
Policies 4 pages
Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, and the community constantly strives for accuracy. Articles should be neutral and should contain only verifiable information and opinions that already exist in reliable sources.
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Neutral point of view (or NPOV) means that content is written objectively and without bias, merely presenting the facts and notable viewpoints of others. A general-purpose encyclopedia ought not to contain articles that favor particular viewpoints. Striving for a neutral point of view helps prevent articles from becoming advertisements or propaganda.
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Verifiability means that articles should contain only material that has been published by reliable sources, such as reputable newspapers and scholarly journals. All content should ideally be supported by a citation, but content that is controversial or likely to be challenged will definitely require one! Unsourced material may be removed at any time, and it is the obligation of the editor adding material to provide a reliable source. |
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No original research means that articles may not contain previously unpublished arguments, concepts, data, opinions, or theories. This prohibition means that Wikipedia editors' own analysis or synthesis should not be included in articles. Basically, Wikipedia is a record of human knowledge, viewpoints, and summaries that already exist and are expressed elsewhere. |
Wiki Markup 26 pages
VisualEditor 23 pages
A note about editing on mobile devices: Most Wikipedians prefer to edit from a computer, as the editing interface works better there. You can edit from a mobile device, though. See this page for more information.
VisualEditor is a What You See Is What You Get-style editor for Wikipedia. It's very simple to learn. It is an alternative to the Source editor, the primary editing interface which works more like a plain text file and allows you to directly edit the wiki markup text (wikitext). While VisualEditor is simpler to use, the Source editor can be more effective for some tasks.
This tutorial introduces the basics of using VisualEditor. Full instructions can be found in the VisualEditor user guide. You can enable VisualEditor through the Editing tab of Preferences: At "Editing mode:" select the dropdown "Show me both editing tabs". Then, ensure the "Temporarily disable the visual editor while it is in beta" box is not checked, and simply save your settings.
VisualEditor is still in development and so has some limitations and bugs. Most notably, it is slower to load than editing the source code, and is available for article pages but not talk pages. If you spot any problems, you can leave comments and suggestions at the Feedback page.
Opening VisualEditor
After you've enabled VisualEditor, you can edit any page that uses it by clicking on the "Edit" tab at the top of the page. (A long page may take a few seconds to load.)
You can also open VisualEditor by clicking on the "edit" link on any section of an article. You can also toggle between using VisualEditor and Source Editor whilst editing most pages.
The VisualEditor toolbar appears at the top of the screen when you begin editing.
The 
buttons Undo and Redo the changes you have made.
The Paragraph 
or Headings drop-down menu allows you to use standard text formats, for example to create headings and subheadings. Normal text format is called "Paragraph"; the main page sections are called "Heading", and subheadings are "Heading 2", "Heading 3", etc.
The A drop down menu contains additional formatting options including bold (B), italic (I), underline (U), superscript (x2), and subscript (x2).This formatting is applied to any text that you've selected. For example, an article's subject should be written in bold the first time it is mentioned.
The 
allows bulleted and numbered lists, and the Ω menu contains special characters.
Once you're happy with your changes, it's time to publish them (the same as saving). When you publish your edits, they immediately change the Wikipedia page you were editing. To cancel your edits, just close your browser window without clicking 'Publish changes'.
When you're done editing, click the blue Publish changes button in the toolbar. This will open a dialog box where you should summarise your edits. This summary helps other editors understand what you've changed, and why.
If you just made uncontroversial spelling or formatting changes, marking your editing as minor can be helpful to other editors (this option isn't available unless you're logged in). Also, if you want to be notified of further changes to the page, you can add it to your Watchlist (again, only available to those who are logged in).
The Review your changes button shows you the Wiki markup source code for the changes you've made, if you want to check. The Resume editing button returns you to the page you were editing, where you can make more changes (you can publish all of your edits later).
Wikipedia already has 7 million articles, so most of the time you'll likely be updating and improving existing pages. Sometimes, however, you may want to create a completely new article! Before you do so, there are three criteria you need to know:
Notability
Is the topic notable? Topics need to be sufficiently important to be included in Wikipedia. This means that the subject must have received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject, such as newspapers, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and books.
Reliable sources
Are there reliable and verifiable sources to back up any claims? Before you start writing an article, you should gather a set of independent, reliable, verifiable sources to cite as references. These are essential for ensuring that the contents of Wikipedia remain accurate, verifiable, and trustworthy.
Conflicts of interest
Do you have a conflict of interest (COI)? It is best to avoid writing articles about yourself, your company, or someone you know personally. This is because it is difficult to avoid bias and achieve a neutral point of view on these topics. Even if you cannot write the article yourself, you can always request that someone else write it and provide them with reliable sources to use.
Where to create a new page
It is typically best to create a new article as a Draft (e.g. "Draft:Example"). This allows you to write and develop your article before it gets moved to Wikipedia's mainspace.
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The Article Creation Wizard will walk you through the steps of creating a new draft article and notify experienced editors to review the article and provide feedback. |
Summary
- When enabled, VisualEditor is activated by clicking "Edit" at the top of an article
- The toolbar has functions similar to a standard word processing program
- Standard formatting for headings is accessed via the Paragraph drop-down menu
- Links to other Wikipedia pages, and to external web pages, are added using the
button - Remember to summarise the edits you made before you save them!
- Your changes are made to a Wikipedia page when you press Publish changes
- You can create new pages using the Article wizard, so long as the topic is notable, has reliable sources, and isn't a conflict of interest
More detailed information
- Help:Wikilinks
- Help:Edit summary
- Help:Watchlist
- Wikipedia:Manual of Style
- Wikipedia:Your first article
![A cartoon of a political rally, with someone in the crowd holding up a banner reading "[Citation needed]"](/wiki/File:Webcomic_xkcd_-_Wikipedian_protester_-_English.svg?lang=en)
One of the key policies of Wikipedia is that all article content has to be verifiable. This means that reliable sources must be able to support the material. All quotations, any material whose verifiability has been challenged or is likely to be challenged, and contentious material about living persons (whether negative, positive, or neutral) must include an inline citation to a source that directly supports the material. This also means that Wikipedia is not the place for original work, archival findings that have not been published, or evidence from any source that has not been published.
If you are adding new content, it is your responsibility to add sourcing information along with it. Material provided without a source is significantly more likely to be removed from an article. Sometimes it will be tagged first with a "citation needed" template to give editors a chance to find and add sources, but some editors will simply remove it because they question its veracity.
This tutorial will show you how to add inline citations to articles, and also briefly explain what Wikipedia considers to be a reliable source.
To insert a reference, first activate VisualEditor by clicking "edit" at the top of an article. Once the toolbar has appeared, click where you wish to insert the reference. Clicking the 
button will open up a dialog box that allows you to enter the details of your reference.
There are two simple ways to create a new reference: Fully automatic (by just inserting a web URL) or manually by filling in a template (where you add each piece of information separately).
The automatic option is the easiest. Wikipedia can often auto-format a reference citation if you just insert the website URL and click "Generate". Take a look at the citation that it then creates. To accept it, click "Insert". You can then modify the details, if VE has got something wrong, such as the publication date, by clicking "Edit".
To enter the information about a reference manually, click the "Manual" tab of the dialog box. Then you select which type of reference you want to add, and fill in as many of the fields ("parameters") as possible.
Sometimes the reference you want to add doesn't fall into any of these categories (for example, perhaps you want to cite a speech). In this case, you can enter the information fully manually using the "Basic form". (These types of references are currently easier using Wiki markup citations.)
To edit an existing reference, click on the [number] where it appears in the text. You will see either a 
"Reference icon", or the icon (and name) for the template that was used to create this reference. Clicking the "Edit" button opens a "template mini-editor" dialog where you can edit the information for that reference.
Inside the template mini-editor, you change the information in fields by typing in the boxes.
To add a new piece of information (for example, the publication date), select it in the left column.
When you're done editing the reference, click "Apply changes". Remember, you'll still need to then save your changes!
Sometimes you may want to cite the same reference in multiple places on a page.
To do so, click the 
button, and select the "Re-use" tab. This will display a list of all the references currently used in the article.
To find the reference you want to re-use, either scroll through the list, or use the "Search within current citations" bar at the top. Clicking on a specific reference will insert it into the article.
Wikipedia articles require reliable, published sources that directly support the information presented in the article. Now you know how to add sources to an article, but which sources should you use?
The word "source" in Wikipedia has three meanings: the work itself (for example, a document, article, paper, or book), the creator of the work (for example, the writer), and the publisher of the work (for example, Cambridge University Press). All three can affect reliability.
Reliable sources are those with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. They tend to have an editorial process with multiple people scrutinizing work before it is published. Academic and peer-reviewed publications are usually the most reliable sources. Other reliable sources include university textbooks, books published by respected publishing houses, magazines, journals, and news coverage (not opinions) from mainstream newspapers.
Self-published media, where the author and publisher are the same, are usually not acceptable as sources. These can include newsletters, personal websites, press releases, patents, open wikis, personal or group blogs, and tweets. However, if an author is an established expert with a previous record of third-party publications on a topic, their self-published work may be considered reliable for that particular topic.
Whether a source is usable also depends on context. Sources that are reliable for some material are not reliable for other material. For instance, otherwise unreliable self-published sources are usually acceptable to support uncontroversial information about the source's author. You should always try to use the best possible source, particularly when writing about living people.
These are general guidelines, but the topic of reliable sources is a complicated one, and is impossible to fully cover here. You can find more information at Wikipedia:Verifiability and at Wikipedia:Reliable sources. There is also a list of commonly used sources with information on their reliability.
Summary
- Information in articles needs to have references that show where that information came from.
- Verifiable - other users must be able to check the information
- Reliable sources - with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy
- Clicking the button opens a dialog box that allows you to:
- Cite a new reference
- Edit an existing reference
- Reuse the same reference in several places
More detailed information
- Wikipedia:Verifiability
- Wikipedia:Citing sources
- Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources
- Help:Citations quick reference
- Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts
- Help:References and page numbers
- Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
Put what you learned into practice
There are currently over 552,497 articles that have statements that need citations. The Citation Hunt tool makes referencing those statements easier by suggesting random articles which you can work on. Practice your new skills by helping us solve a "Citation needed" issue:
Inserting a new image can be done while you're editing the article. You can either insert images that are already stored on Wikimedia Commons, or upload a new image of yours. Images are stored on Wikimedia Commons so that they can be used in multiple articles, across many languages, and are even free for anyone to use outside of Wikipedia (with some conditions). This tutorial introduces you to the process of uploading and inserting images, including the relevant rules and guidelines.
Wikimedia Commons stores images so that they can be used on different language versions of Wikipedia, as well as by sister projects of Wikipedia.
To upload a new image, first activate VisualEditor by clicking "edit source" at the top of an article.
Once the VE toolbar has appeared, click the Insert menu and choose the "Images and media" option. That opens a dialog box which allows you to upload and use images.
Click the "Upload" tab and select an image on your computer (either type the file name or drag an image into the box).
You need to add a description so that someone else who might want to use the image on another page can understand what the image is about. This description can be more detailed than you'd use in an article because it's just stored with the image on the Commons. You can also assign categories to the image, to help people find it.
Clicking "Save" will upload your new image onto the Commons and then insert it into the article!
Important caveat: Images on Wikimedia Commons must not be copyrighted by anyone other than the uploader, and when they are uploaded they become free for anyone to use when attributed (Creative commons license). If you don't own the copyright for the image, but believe that uploading it would be 'fair-use', the image should instead be stored on Wikipedia using the File Upload Wizard, not on the Commons. For more information, see Help:Introduction to images with Wiki Markup.
The Wikimedia Commons has millions of images. To insert one of these image into a Wikipedia article, first click the section of page where you want the image to be placed.
Next, click the Insert menu and choose the "Images and media" option to open a dialog box.
You can search for a suitable image by typing in the dialog box. It displays an initial set of suggested images from the Commons.
Once you see the name of a file you want, click on its thumbnail image. This places the image onto the page you are editing. You can then drag the image to change where it's placed on the page.
When you insert a new image, or double-click on an existing image in an article, a dialog box will open, where you can add details about the image and change its settings.
A good caption explains the image so that readers understand what they're looking at. Captions can contain wikilinks and formatting, just like the main text of a page.
Alternative text is used to describe the contents of an image for users who have visual impairments, and use a text reader for web pages.
The "Advanced settings" window contains various additional parameters. These include the alignment, the display type, and size of the image. It is usually best to leave the defaults as is, but sometimes a larger image may be more useful.
Images are usually located throughout an article, individually, near the text that is relevant to the image. In some circumstances, however, a gallery of many images together may be appropriate if the collection illustrates aspects of a subject better than individual images can.
You can edit existing galleries by clicking that gallery and selecting the gallery icon that appears by it. To add a new gallery, click the Insert menu and choose the "Gallery" option.
The gallery editor has two tabs, one to add images and their captions, the other controls display options.
The order of images can be rearranged by dragging the images on the left, and more can be added using the "Add new image" button at the bottom of the list.
The options tab allows size and layout to be edited. The default display options are preferred in most cases.
Summary
- Images are stored on Wikimedia Commons so that they can be used by all languages versions and sister projects of Wikipedia
- Images to be uploaded to the Commons must be free to be reused by anyone
- Non-free images may be stored on Wikipedia's servers, but only in certain circumstances and only if a free equivalent is not possible
- The Insert menu's "Media" option in the VisualEditor toolbar allows you to upload new images and insert existing ones
- You should describe each new images with a caption and with alternative text so that readers can understand them
- Sets of images can be inserted as a "gallery" if individual images are insufficient
More detailed information
- Wikipedia:Uploading images
- Wikipedia:Picture tutorial (how to add images to an article)
 | This User page uses TemplateStyles: |
Tables are a common way of displaying data. This tutorial provides a guide on making new tables and editing existing ones. For guidelines on when and how to use tables, see the Manual of Style.
This tutorial will introduce the basics of inserting, editing and formatting tables of information. Some advanced features, such as colouring cells, are not yet available with VisualEditor and have to be edited using Wiki Markup.
| This User page uses TemplateStyles: |
Insert a blank table
To add a new, blank table, go to the Insert menu and select the "Table" option.
Once you've chosen the number of rows and columns, it will be inserted into the article so that you can add in the contents for each cell.
Pressing Tab ↹ will select the cell to the right.
Pressing ↵ Enter will select the cell below.
Insert a table of information
Alternatively, you can copy the cells of any spreadsheet (e.g. Excel) and paste them into the editing area.
Similarly, you can import an entire existing table by dragging a comma-separated value (.csv) file from your computer into the editing window.
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To add a column or row, you need to define where you want to insert it. Once you've selected a cell, a triangle will appear at the top of the column, and the left of the row.
Clicking on the top triangle allows you to add a new column before or after the selected one (or delete it). Similarly, clicking the left triangle allows you to add or remove rows.
| This User page uses TemplateStyles: |
Summary
- The contents of existing tables can be edited by double-clicking on the cells
- Columns and rows can be added or moved by clicking the triangle at the top of a column or left of a row
- Blank tables can be inserted with the Insert menu
- Tables of data can be inserted by copy-pasting the contents of a spreadsheet, or dragging and dropping a csv file
- Cells can be formatted with the Content cell and A menus
More detailed information
- Help:tables - the main help page
- Help:HTML in wikitext § Tables
Navigation 6 pages
Wikipedia is a big place!
For a start, there are currently 7 million articles, the most extensive encyclopedia in human history. If we printed them all out, they would take up about 3,700 volumes, which would look something like this.
In addition to this, there are another 56.5 million supporting pages devoted to helping build the project.
This tutorial will help you to get your bearings, teach you how to find what you're looking for, and introduce you to a few of the most important pages.
Wikipedia's pages are divided into namespaces. Each namespace (except the main article space) has a prefix that is followed by a colon at the start of page names. Here are some of the namespaces you might encounter, along with an explanation and examples:
| Namespace | Purpose | Example(s) |
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| Main/article no prefix |
Articles | Starfish |
| Disambiguation pages to help people find the article they're looking for | David (disambiguation) | |
| Wikipedia: a.k.a. "Project" |
Policies and guidelines | Wikipedia:Neutral point of view Wikipedia:Manual of Style |
| Process pages | Wikipedia:Articles for Creation | |
| Discussion forums and noticeboards | Wikipedia:Village pump | |
| WikiProject communities focusing on a particular topic | Wikipedia:WikiProject History | |
| User: | Personal profile pages about users | User:Jimbo Wales |
| Sandboxes and personal draft articles | User:Example/sandbox | |
| Draft: | Draft articles that are in progress | Draft:Exampledraft |
| Help: | Help pages | Help:Contents |
| Template: | Templates, which can be included or substituted on other pages | Template:Citation needed Template:Infobox album |
| Category: | Groups of pages organized by their similarities | Category:Painting Category:Wikipedia maintenance |
| File: | Images and other files, stored and described | File:Wiki.png |
| Portal: | Pages to highlight Wikipedia content in a particular topic area | Portal:Current events Portal:Solar System |
| Special: | Pages that are part of the software | Special:RecentChanges Special:Preferences |
Each page in each of these namespaces, except for Special, also has a corresponding Talk page for discussion. So, for example, you can discuss the starfish article at Talk:Starfish, or talk about Wikipedia:Neutral point of view at Wikipedia talk:Neutral point of view. You can switch between the normal page and the talk page by clicking the tabs at the top left.
The search box is at the top of every page. Start typing, and it will begin to suggest pages you might be looking for — you can click on one to go directly to that page. Alternatively, if you type in a complete page title and hit ↵ Enter, you'll be taken straight to that page.
If you type a word or phrase that isn't an article title and hit ↵ Enter, you will see a full search page, which lists articles where your search term occurs. You can also reach this page by clicking the magnifying glass, or by typing something into the search box, then clicking the "containing..." link at the bottom of the list of suggestions. For example, you might do this if you wanted to search for occurrences of the word "Fish" across Wikipedia, rather than be taken straight to the article Fish.
The search page also allows you to select which namespaces to search in. You can choose a preset option (Default, Discussion, General Help, or All) or add/remove namespaces individually.
Categories
| organisms | ||
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| / animals |
\ plants | |
| / dogs |
\ cats | |
Another useful way to find pages is by browsing categories grouping related pages, which are listed at the bottom of a page. They form hierarchy trees from generalized topics to more specific ones, so pages should have only the most specific applicable categories. For instance, do not add [[Category:Musicians]] to an article already categorized under [[Category:Irish musicians]].
Every edit made to Wikipedia is recorded and (with rare exceptions) is publicly viewable in a page's history.
To access it, click the "View history" tab at the top of the article.
Page histories consist of rows, each representing a past revision of the page. Each line contains various elements with information or tools related to that revision:
To see the difference between two revisions, adjust the radio buttons and then click Compare selected revisions.
Redirects
Some pages on Wikipedia are redirects — they don't have any content of their own, but just send you on to another page. For example UK is a redirect to United Kingdom. So, if you type UK in the search box, it will take you directly to the article on the United Kingdom. (There will also be a note below the article title saying "Redirected from UK".)
To create a redirect to a page:
- Via wiki markup: Click the
button and type the destination page or use the code #REDIRECT [[Destination]]. - Via VisualEditor: Use the
menu and then click 
Page settings to choose a destination page.
Shortcuts
Wikipedians often refer to internal Wikipedia pages by shortcut names to make typing quicker. The Wikipedia namespace prefix can also be further abbreviated as WP:. These shortcut pages are just redirects to the target page.
For example, Wikipedia:Neutral point of view can be written as WP:NPOV to link to it, or typed into the search bar. Shortcuts to a page are usually listed in a box in the top right of that page.
At the top
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If you are logged in, you'll also see some useful links at the top right of your screen:
- Your username takes you to your userpage, where you can add information about yourself.
- Watchlist (
) shows recent changes to pages you're watching (click the star at the top right of a page to watch it). - Talk is your user talk page, where people can leave messages for you.
- Sandbox is a page in your user space where you can experiment with editing without worrying that you will cause problems on an actual Wikipedia page.
- Preferences allows you to change your password and customize your email and wiki software settings.
- Contributions has a list of all the edits you have made.
- Log out logs you out of your account.
On the left
There's an additional set of useful links on the left side of each page:
- Help is the entry point for Wikipedia's help pages.
- Community portal is the hub for editors, with news, discussions, and ways to help out.
- What links here shows you what other pages are linking to an article.
- Related changes lists any edits that have been made to pages that an article links to.
Yet more useful links
There are a few other pages on Wikipedia that are really handy to know about:
- You can ask questions at either the Help desk (using or editing Wikipedia) or the Teahouse (help for newcomers).
- The Village pump is a set of central discussion forums.
- The Task Center lists various tasks you can help out with.
- The Signpost is Wikipedia's community-written newspaper, a good way to keep up with goings-on.
Manual of Style 6 pages
The Manual of Style (MoS or MOS) is an in-depth guide that provides standards on how to format Wikipedia articles. Following these guidelines helps keep the encyclopedia clear, consistent, and stable.
The simplest way to do this is to find a well-written article and copy its formatting. But if you want more information on any formatting, the MoS probably has a recommendation (you can search its contents here).
Remember, the MoS is a guideline; you don't need to have the whole thing memorized! It's there to assist you when you're unsure how to best display information, and to minimize arguments if another editor disagrees with your formatting choices.
Content is more important than formatting, and other editors can assist you if you're in doubt (similarly, assume good faith when others help by formatting your writing).
An article should start with a simple summary of the topic, then lead the reader into more detail, breaking up the text into manageable sections with logical headings.
The lead
The lead section is the very first part of an article, appearing before the table of contents and any headings. The first sentence of the lead typically contains a concise definition and establishes the topic's notability. The rest of the lead should introduce the article's context and summarise its key points.
The lead section should be one to four paragraphs long and stand alone as a concise overview of the article. The emphasis given to each statement in the lead should roughly reflect its relative importance to the topic. Statements should be carefully sourced if covering material not sourced elsewhere in the article, and should be written in a clear, accessible style to encourage a reading of the full article. The rest of the article's prose will give detail for readers who want more information.
Sections and headings
Articles are organised into sections and subsections, each with a short heading that will automatically appear in the table of contents. In general, sections that are one to four paragraphs long are the most readable.
Headings normally omit an initial "the" or "a", and avoid repeating the title of the article. Typically only the first word in a heading is capitalised (sentence case).
Heading 1 is the article's title and is automatically generated. The section headings in the article start at the second level (==Heading 2==), with subsections at the third level (===Heading 3===), and so on. Sections should not skip levels from sections to sub-subsections (e.g., a fourth-level subsection heading immediately after a second-level heading).
- See also
- Introduction to formatting (Wiki markup)
- Introduction to formatting (VisualEditor)
- Manual of Style (Accessibility)
Images should support the body of an article without overwhelming it, and references should be provided for information that is controversial or likely to be challenged.
Images
Images help readers to understand an article, not merely decorate it. Add or replace images only if they are better than the existing ones or further support the text of the article. When creating and uploading an image, it should be of sufficiently high resolution and in an appropriate file format.
Images should be spread evenly through an article, be relevant to the sections in which the images are displayed, and include an explanatory caption. Images are shown as small thumbnails and aligned to the right of the article by default, to maintain the visual coherence of the page. If necessary, other formats are possible, e.g. left-aligned, galleries, and panoramas.
Avoid stacking too many images in a short section: they can overflow into the next section and reduce readability.
- See also
- Introduction to images (Wiki markup)
- Introduction to images (VisualEditor)
- Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images (more detailed guidance)
Citing
- Don't overuse quotations from sources; articles should generally paraphrase and summarise what sources say about a topic.
- Use reliable sources of information.
- Use the article's existing reference style, with a reference list at bottom of the article.
Sources should be cited when adding material that is controversial or likely to be challenged, when quoting someone, when adding material to the biography of a living person, and when uploading an image. While you should try to format citations correctly, the important thing is to include enough information for a reader to identify the source; others can improve the formatting if needed.
Just as with images, there's a default referencing style, but sometimes an alternative format is used. When adding new references, use the same style that is already used in the article, or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it. Inline references that you insert into the article will automatically be added to the "References" section at the end of the article (which should be placed below the "See also" section and above the "External links" section if either or both are present).
- See also
Links
Linking with hyperlinks is an important feature of Wikipedia. Internal links (or "wikilinks") bind the project together into an interconnected whole. Links provide instant pathways to locations within the project that are likely to increase our readers' understanding of the topic at hand. You learned how to add them during the Editing section of this tutorial.
To determine how many internal links to include in an article, ask yourself, "Would a reader of this subject be interested in that other article? Does it help explain a concept that is only briefly described in this article, or that may be unfamiliar to a reader?". Typically, the first instance (but not subsequent instances) of an important word should be linked to the relevant article on that topic. Take care not to include too many links, which detracts from readability.
External links (to websites other than Wikipedia) can be added in the "External links" section, along with a short description. These should be included only if they are highly relevant or provide more detail than the article has space for. Websites used as references to support the article's content should instead be put in the "References" section.
- See also
- Introduction to linking (Wiki markup)
- Introduction to linking (VisualEditor)
- Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking (more detailed guidance)
The MoS contains extensive guidelines on all manner of stylistic points. Below are a sample of the sorts of things you can search for advice on.
Language
The English Wikipedia prefers no major national variety of the language over any other. These varieties (e.g. US English, British English) differ in vocabulary (soccer vs. football), spelling (center vs. centre), and occasionally grammar. For consistency, only one variety should be used in a given article.
Avoid words like I, we, and you, except in quotations and names of works.
Avoid phrases like note that and remember that (which assume "you" for the reader); and avoid such expressions as of course, in fact, and obviously.
Dates and numbers
Avoid phrases that will go out of date with time (e.g. recently).
Do not write #1; number one works instead. Comic books are an exception.
Write 12,000 for twelve thousand, not 12.000; conversely, decimal points are thus: 3.14, not 3,14.
Both 10 June 1921 and June 10, 1921, are correct, but should be consistent within an article. A comma is not used if only the month is given, such as June 1921. Avoid inserting "the year" before a year, and avoid "of" in items such as "April of 2008".
400 AD and 400 BC are correct, but so are 400 CE and 400 BCE. Use one style consistently in an article.
Use one, two, three, ..., eight, nine in normal article text, not 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (although there are many exceptional circumstances; some other numbers may also be written as words).
Capital letters
Seasons (e.g. winter) and plant/animal names (e.g. bald eagle) are not capitalized. Exceptions include scientific names (Felis catus) and proper nouns occurring as part of a name.
Names of scriptures are capitalized (e.g. Bible and Qur'an, but not biblical). Always capitalize God when it refers to a primary or only deity, but not pronouns that refer to deities: he, not He.
Abbreviations
To indicate approximately for dates, the non-italicized abbreviation c. (followed by a space) is preferred over circa, ca., or approx.
Write US or U.S., but not USA.
Use "and" instead of the "&" sign, except in tables, infoboxes, and official names like AT&T.
Punctuation
Use straight quote marks " and apostrophes ' as available from the keyboard, and not alternatives such as “ ” and ‘ ’.
Italicize names of books, films, TV series, music albums, paintings, and ships—but not short works like songs or poems, which should be in quotation marks.
Place a full stop (a period) or a comma before a closing quotation mark if it belongs as part of the quoted material (She said, "I'm feeling carefree."); otherwise, put it after (The word carefree means "happy".). Please do so irrespective of any rules associated with the variety of English in use.
The serial comma (for example the comma before and in "ham, chips, and eggs") is optional; be sensitive to possible ambiguity arising from thoughtless use or thoughtless avoidance, and be consistent within a given article.
Avoid comma splices.
Picture captions should not end in a full stop (a period) unless they are complete sentences.
Avoid using a hyphen after a standard -ly adverb (a newly available home).
A hyphen is not a dash. Hyphens are used within words or to join words, but not in punctuating the parts of a sentence. Use an en dash (–) with before, and a space after – or use an em dash (—) without spaces (see Wikipedia:How to make dashes). Avoid using two hyphens (--) to make a dash, and avoid using a hyphen as a minus sign.
Use an en dash, not a hyphen, between numbers: pp. 14–21; 1953–2008. An en dash is also used to connect parallel terms: red–green colorblind; a New York–London flight. Use spaces around the en dash only if the connected terms are multi-unit dates: January 1999 – December 2000.
Non-breaking spaces
Line breaks between words can be prevented by inserting a non-breaking space instead of an ordinary space by using the code or {{nbsp}}. This avoids lines breaking in the middle of expressions such as 17 kg, AD 565, £11 billion, July 2025, 5° 24′ 21.12″ N, Boeing 747, and World War II.
| Manual of Style (MoS) |
|---|
Summary
The MoS is a great resource, but you're not expected to read the whole thing! Here are the key principles to keep in mind:
- Consistency – Keep style and formatting consistent within an article, and between articles where possible.
- Stability – Avoid changing an article from one guideline-defined style to another without a very good reason.
- Clarity – Aim to make the encyclopedia as readable as possible (e.g. wording, layout, formatting, diagrams).
- Referencing – Make sure readers are able to trace information in the encyclopedia back to reliable sources.
The full MoS contains further advice on everything from punctuation to units of measurement to trivia. You can look up advice about specific issues using the MoS search box on the right. When in doubt, copy the formatting of an existing article (ideally a featured article) on a similar subject. Although it is important to follow the MoS where possible, verifiable content is more important than formatting!
More detailed information
Conclusion 1 page
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