Generational list of programming languages

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetical order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

ALGOL (also under Fortran)
- Atlas Autocode
- ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
  - MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
- ALGOL 60
  - MAD/I
  - Simula (see also Simula based languages)
- ALGOL 68
- ALGOL W
  - Pascal
    - Ada
      - SPARK
      - PL/SQL
    - Turbo Pascal
      - Object Pascal (Delphi)
        Free Pascal (FPC)
        
        Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)
    - Euclid
      - Concurrent Euclid
      - Turing
        Turing Plus
        
        Object Oriented Turing
    - Mesa
      - Modula-2
        Modula-3
        
        Oberon (Oberon-1)
        Go (also under C)
        
        Nim (also under Python)
        
        Oberon-2
        Component Pascal
        
        Active Oberon
        Zonnon
        
        Oberon-07
        
        Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
    - SUE
      - Plus
- CPL
  - BCPL
    - B
    - C (see also C based languages)
- Julia (also under Lisp, Python, Ruby)

APL based

APL
- A+
- J (also under FL)
- K (also under LISP)
- NESL
- PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

BASIC (also under Fortran II)
- AmigaBASIC
- AMOS BASIC
- BASIC Stamp
- BASIC09
- Basic4GL
- BBC Basic
- Blitz BASIC
  - Blitz3D
  - BlitzMax
  - BlitzPlus
- Business Basic
- Caché Basic
- Chinese BASIC
- COMAL
- Commodore BASIC
- DarkBASIC
  - DarkBASIC Professional
- Euphoria
- GW-BASIC
  - QuickBASIC
- GLBasic
- PureBasic
- Turbo Basic
  - PowerBASIC
- REALbasic (Xojo)
- thinBasic
- TI-BASIC
- True BASIC
- YaBasic
- XBasic

Batch languages

C based

C (also under BCPL)
- Alef
- C++
  - Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)
  - D
- C#
  - Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)
- Cobra (class/object model and other features)
- Java (see also Java based languages)
- C--
- Cyclone
  - Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)
- ColdFusion
- Go (also under Oberon)
- Harbour
  - Limbo
- LPC
  - Pike
- Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
- PCASTL (also under Lisp)
- Perl
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)
  - S2
  - PHP
  - Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
    - Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
  - PDL (also under APL)
  - Raku
- Python
  - Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
  - Nim (also under Oberon)
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
- QuakeC
- tcsh (also under sh)

COBOL based

COBOL
- ABAP
- DIBOL
- WATBOL

COMIT based

COMIT
- SNOBOL
  - Icon
    - Unicon
  - Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)

DCL based

DCL
- Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed based

ed (programming language)
- sed
- AWK
  - Perl (also under C)

Eiffel based

Eiffel
- Cobra (design by contract)
- Sather
- Ubercode

Forth based

Forth
- InterPress
  - PostScript
- Joy
  - Factor
- Rebol (also under Lisp)
- RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

Fortran
- Fortran II
  - BASIC (see also BASIC based languages)
- Fortran IV
  - WATFOR
  - WATFIV
- Fortran 66
  - FORMAC
  - Ratfor
- Fortran 77
  - WATFOR-77
  - Ratfiv
- Fortran 90
- Fortran 95
  - F
- Fortran 2003
- Fortran 2008
- Fortran 2018
- ALGOL (see also ALGOL based languages)

FP based

FP (Function Programming)
- FL (Function Level)
  - J (also under APL)
- FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk based

HyperTalk
- ActionScript (also under JavaScript)
- AppleScript
- SenseTalk
- SuperTalk
- Transcript

Java based

Java (also under C)
- Ateji PX
- C#
- Ceylon
- Fantom
- Apache Groovy
- OptimJ
- Processing
- Scala
- Join Java
- J#
- Kotlin
- X10

JavaScript based

JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self)
- ActionScript (also under HyperTalk)
  - Haxe
- Asm.js
- CoffeeScript
- ECMAScript
- JavaScript OSA
- JScript
- TypeScript

JOSS based

JOSS
- CAL
- TELCOMP
- FOCAL
- MUMPS
  - Caché ObjectScript

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp based

Lisp
- Arc
- AutoLISP
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Emacs Lisp
- Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL)
- K (also under APL)
- LFE
- Logo
  - Turtle graphics
- Nu programming language
- PicoLisp
- REBOL
  - Red (programming language)
- RPL (also under Forth)
- S
  - R
    - PCASTL (also under ALGOL)
- Scheme
  - GNU Guile
  - Racket
  - Hop
  - Pico
  - T
  - Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)

ML based

ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- Caml
  - OCaml
    - F#
    - Reason
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)

PL/I based

PL/I
- PL/M
- PL/C
- REXX
- SP/k
- XPL

Prolog based

Prolog
- CLP(R), CLP(FD)
- Mercury
- Erlang
  - Cuneiform
  - Elixir^{[citation needed]}
- Logtalk

SASL based

SASL
- Kent Recursive Calculator
- Miranda
  - Haskell
    - Agda
    - Elm
    - Idris
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C)
    - PureScript

SETL based

SETL
- ABC
  - Python (also under C)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
    - Boo
    - Cobra (syntax and features)

sh based

Sh
- bash
- csh (also under C)
  - tcsh
- zsh
- ksh
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)

Simula based

Simula (also under ALGOL 60)
- C++ (also under C)
- Smalltalk
  - Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
    - Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)
  - Ruby
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
  - Self
    - JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based languages)
    - NewtonScript
      - Io
- BETA

Tcl based

Tcl
- Expect
- Tea

Others

External links

Diagram & history of programming languages