Peano surface

The Peano surface, a counterexample to some criteria of local maxima of the 19th century

In mathematics, the Peano surface is a quartic surface, the graph of the two-variable function

$f(x,y)=(2x^{2}-y)(y-x^{2}).$

It was proposed by Giuseppe Peano in 1899 as a counterexample to a conjectured criterion for the existence of maxima and minima of functions of two variables.

The surface was named the Peano surface (Template:Lang-de) by Georg Scheffers in his 1920 book Lehrbuch der darstellenden Geometrie. It has also been called the Peano saddle.

Properties

The function graphed by this surface is positive between the two parabolas $y=x^{2}$ and $y=2x^{2}$, and negative elsewhere. At the origin, the three-dimensional point $(0,0,0)$ on the surface that corresponds to the intersection point of the two parabolas, the surface has a saddle point. The surface itself has positive Gaussian curvature in some parts and negative curvature in others, separated by another parabola.

Whenever the surface is intersected by a vertical plane through the origin, the resulting curve within the plane of intersection instead has a local maximum at this point. To put it in more paradoxical terms, if a point starts at the origin $(0,0)$ of the plane, and moves away from the origin along any straight line, the function $(2x^{2}-y)(y-x^{2})$ will decrease at the start of the motion. Nevertheless, $(0,0)$ is not a local maximum of the function, because moving along the parabola $y={\sqrt {2}}\,x^{2}$ will cause this function to increase.

As a counterexample

In 1886 Joseph Alfred Serret published a textbook with a proposed criteria for the extremal points of a surface given by $z=f(x_{0}+h,y_{0}+k)$

"the maximum or the minimum takes place when for the values of $h$ and $k$ for which $d^{2}f$ and $d^{3}f$ (third and fourth terms) vanish, $d^{4}f$ (fifth term) has constantly the sign − , or the sign +."

Here, it is assumed that the linear terms vanish and the Taylor series of $f$ has the form $z=f(x_{0},y_{0})+Q(h,k)+C(h,k)+F(h,k)+\cdots$ where $Q(h,k)$ is a quadratic form like $ah^{2}+bhk+ck^{2}$, $C(h,k)$ is a cubic form with cubic terms in $h$ and $k$, and $F(h,k)$ is a quartic form with a homogeneous quartic polynomial in $h$ and $k$. Serret proposes that if $F(h,k)$ has constant sign for all points where $Q(h,k)=C(h,k)=0$ then there is a local maximum or minimum of the surface at $(x_{0},y_{0})$.

In his 1884 notes to Angelo Genocchi's Italian textbook on calculus, Calcolo differenziale e principii di calcolo integrale, Peano had already provided different correct conditions for a function to attain a local minimum or local maximum. In the 1899 German translation of the same textbook, he provided this surface as a counterexample to Serret's condition. At the point $(0,0,0)$, Serret's conditions are met, but this point is a saddle point, not a local maximum. A related condition to Serret's was also criticized by Ludwig Scheeffer, who used Peano's surface as a counterexample to it in an 1890 publication.

Models

Models of Peano's surface are included in the Göttingen Collection of Mathematical Models and Instruments at the University of Göttingen, and in the mathematical model collection of TU Dresden (in two different models). The Göttingen model was the first new model added to the collection after World War I, and one of the last added to the collection overall.

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Peano Surface". MathWorld.

Category:Calculus Category:Surfaces Category:Paradoxes Category:Mathematical optimization