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For a list of protests, see List of George Floyd protests.

George Floyd protests
Part of Human rights and police brutality in the United States
A collection of various protest scenes in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
From top, left to right: Protesters gathered in downtown Minneapolis, a protester standing on a damaged police vehicle, protesters with raised fists outside the Minneapolis Police's 3rd Precinct, protesters overtaking and burning the precinct, protesters confronting police, armored police with military accompaniment, and demonstrators on a torched street with firefighters working in the background.
DateMay 26, 2020 – present
(5 years, 6 months and 6 days)
Location
United States
Solidarity protests outside U.S. embassies and consulates in other countries
Caused by
MethodsProtests, Demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, looting, assault, arson and property damage
StatusOngoing
Deaths, injuries and arrests
Death
Arrested4,400+[2]

Template:Campaignbox George Floyd protests The George Floyd protests[3][4] are an ongoing series of protests and riots[5] in response to police brutality and racism that began as local protests in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota before spreading throughout the United States and then worldwide. The protests began in Minneapolis on May 26, 2020 following the death of George Floyd, after Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin knelt on his neck for 8 minutes and 46 seconds during an arrest the prior night.[6]

Protests at the MPD's Third Precinct[7] saw some demonstrators skirmishing with law enforcement officers, who fired tear gas and rubber bullets.[8][9] On May 27, a man was fatally shot by a pawn shop owner who thought the man was looting, and the Third Precinct's windows were smashed. Multiple stores were looted, and other buildings were attacked and set ablaze.[10]

For several days following Floyd's death, hundreds of protesters gathered at the driveway of Chauvin's house, which prompted police response.[11] On May 28, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey declared a state of emergency, and 500 Minnesota National Guard troops were called in by Governor of Minnesota Tim Walz.[12] By the morning, more businesses across the Twin Cities were damaged and looted. MPD in the Third Precinct building attempted to hold off the protesters with tear gas, but at around 11:00 p.m., protesters overran the building and set it ablaze after it was evacuated.[13] The protests continued into May 30. Tim Walz, Jacob Frey, and Saint Paul Mayor Melvin Carter imposed curfews.[14] President Donald Trump assured Walz of military support if needed.[15][16]

As of June 1, there were simultaneous protests in over 100 other cities in the United States and internationally supporting those seeking justice for Floyd as well as speaking out against excessive police brutality. Major cities with protests included Atlanta; Austin; Baltimore; Birmingham; Boston; Charlotte; Chicago; Cleveland; Columbus; Dallas; Denver; Detroit; Fort Lauderdale; Houston; Indianapolis; Jacksonville; Kansas City; Las Vegas; Los Angeles; Louisville; Miami; Montreal; Nashville; New Orleans; New York City; Philadelphia; Phoenix; Pittsburgh; Portland, Oregon; Richmond, Virginia; Salt Lake City; San Francisco; Seattle; Tampa; Toronto; Tulsa; Vancouver; Youngstown; and Washington, D.C. At least 12 major cities declared a curfew on the evening of Saturday, May 30,[17] and as of May 31, governors in 15 states (including Minnesota) and D.C. had called in the National Guard, with over 5,000 troops activated.[18][19] From the beginning of the protests to the night of May 31, at least 4,400 people had been arrested.[2]

Background

History of police brutality in the United States

Further information: Police brutality in the United States

Frequent cases of police brutality and fatal use of force by law enforcement officers in the United States have long led civil rights movement and various other activists to protest against the lack of police accountability in incidents involving the use of excessive force. The Watts riots in 1965 was a response to excessive use of police brutality during the civil rights movement, confrontation with the police in the 1965 riots resulting in the death of 34, mostly African-Americans.[20] The 1992 Los Angeles riots was a response to the acquittal of the police officers responsible for excessive force used on Rodney King. In recent times these have included the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, the negligence that lead to the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore in 2015, the 2016 shooting of Philando Castile[21] and shooting of Justine Damond both in Minnesota and the 2014 death of Eric Garner in New York City, who, similarly to George Floyd, said, "I can't breathe."[22] In March 2020, the Kentucky shooting of Breonna Taylor by the Louisville Metro Police was widely publicized.[23]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: § Concerns over COVID-19 transmission
Further information: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota

Measures taken against the growing COVID-19 pandemic, including closure of non-essential businesses[24] and implementation of a stay-at-home order,[25] had significant economic and social impact on many Americans as millions lost their jobs and were made more economically vulnerable.[26] Keith Ellison, Attorney General of Minnesota, was of the opinion that people "have been cooped up for two months, and so now they're in a different space and a different place. They're restless. Some of them have been unemployed, some of them don't have rent money, and they're angry, they're frustrated."[27]

In April, anti-lockdown protests were held in several U.S. states, including Minnesota, calling governors to lift some restrictions and start "re-opening the country."[28]

Death of George Floyd

Main article: Death of George Floyd
Memorial at the site of Floyd's death

On May 25, 2020, at 8:08 p.m. CDT,[29] MPD officers responded to a 9-1-1 call regarding a "forgery in progress" on Chicago Avenue South in Powderhorn, Minneapolis. According to police, George Floyd, a 46-year-old African American man, was in a nearby car and "appeared to be under the influence." A spokesman for the police department said the officers ordered him to exit the vehicle, at which point he "physically resisted." A video taken by a bystander shows Floyd being removed from his vehicle without any resistance.[30]

According to the MPD, officers "were able to get the suspect into handcuffs and noted he appeared to be suffering medical distress. Officers called for an ambulance." However, a Facebook Live livestream recorded by a bystander showed that Derek Chauvin, a 48-year-old white police officer, had pinned Floyd on the ground and was kneeling on his neck.[31][32] Floyd repeatedly tells Chauvin "Please" and "I can't breathe," while a bystander is heard telling the police officer, "You got him down. Let him breathe."[33] After some time, a bystander points out that Floyd was bleeding from his nose while another bystander tells the police that Floyd is "not even resisting arrest right now," to which the police tell the bystanders that Floyd was "talking, he's fine." A bystander replies saying Floyd "ain't fine." A bystander then protests that the police were preventing Floyd from breathing, urging them to "get him off the ground ... You could have put him in the car by now. He's not resisting arrest or nothing."[32] Floyd then goes silent and motionless. An ambulance arrives and Chauvin does not remove his knee until emergency medical services put Floyd on a stretcher. Not only had Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for about seven minutes (including four minutes after Floyd stopped moving) but another video showed an additional two officers had also knelt on Floyd while another officer watched.[34][35]

Medics were unable to detect a pulse, and Floyd was pronounced dead at the hospital.[36] An autopsy of Floyd was conducted on May 26, and the next day, the preliminary report by the Hennepin County Medical Examiner's Office was published, stating "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation." Floyd's underlying health conditions included coronary artery disease and hypertensive heart disease. The report said that "[t]he combined effects of Mr. Floyd being restrained by the police, his underlying health conditions and any potential intoxicants in his system likely contributed to his death."[37]

Chuck Wexler, executive director of the Police Executive Research Forum, said, "no police academy that we know of teaches a police officer to use their knee, to put it on their neck. That's just not taught because that can impact their breathing and their carotid artery (a crucial vessel that supplies blood to the brain)."[38][39] Video footage of the incident generated widespread national attention and raised questions about the appropriate use of force by law enforcement.

Minneapolis–Saint Paul protests

Main article: George Floyd protests in Minnesota
Minneapolis protesters marching on May 26, the day after Floyd's death

Protests began around midday on May 26, the day after Floyd's death.[40] The protests continued into May 27.[41] A state of emergency was declared in Minneapolis on May 28 by Mayor Jacob Frey, and 500 Minnesota National Guard troops were deployed to the Twin Cities area.[42] By morning, more than 30 businesses in Minneapolis had been damaged by rioters.[10] The Saint Paul Police Department reported that 170 businesses were damaged or looted on Thursday, and dozens of fires started.[43] There was no police, fire, or EMS presence in the area where the riots occurred from around 10:00 p.m. CDT on May 28 into the early hours of May 29.[44] Later that morning at 5:11 am CDT, CNN reporter Omar Jiménez, who is of African-American and Colombian descent,[45] and camera crew were arrested by Minnesota State Patrol officers as Jiménez reported live on television.[46][47]

On May 29, Walz imposed a curfew for the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul that would run from 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. on Friday, May 29 and Saturday, May 30.[48][49] Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey also issued a similar curfew.[50] Derek Chauvin was charged with third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter on May 29.[51][52] Despite the announcement of the charges and the new curfew, riots broke out again on Friday night and well into early Saturday morning.[53] Law enforcement presence was reportedly "undetectable", as violence in Minneapolis quickly expanded until just before midnight, when police officers, state troopers, and members of the National Guard began confronting rioters with tear gas and mass force.[53]

As of May 30, 2,500 officers were deployed and 50 people have been arrested in relation to the protests. Major General Jon Jensen of the Minnesota National Guard said that by May 31, over 1,700 National Guard soldiers could be deployed. This would be the largest national deployment in the state's history.[54] Jensen confirmed that 2,500 guards would be deployed by noon.[55] The 4,100 troops of the Minnesota National Guard is scheduled to increase to 10,800 on May 31.[56]

Protests elsewhere

Main article: List of George Floyd protests
Map
Cities in North America with George Floyd protests with more than 100 participants. Minneapolis–Saint Paul is marked in red. Click the map to view a larger size and to see protests outside the frame. (
)

There were simultaneous protests in hundreds of cities in the United States and internationally, with demonstrators supporting those seeking justice for Floyd and the Black Lives Matter movement, and speaking out against police brutality. Cities with major protests included Atlanta, Charlotte, Denver, Los Angeles, New York City, Miami, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Virginia, Salt Lake City, Utah, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.[57][58][59][60][61][17] The bulk of these protests were peaceful, but many of them turned violent as the violence in the Twin Cities riots increased.

Protests for George Floyd also took place outside the US, in cities including Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Berlin, London, Copenhagen, and Auckland.

Deaths

As of June 1, 2020, eleven deaths have been linked to the George Floyd demonstrations by investigators or noted for their proximity to demonstrations:

  • On May 27 in Minneapolis, Calvin Horton Jr. died after being fatally shot during a protest. A local shopowner was arrested, and police sources indicated that the suspect had opened fire after he saw lootings.[62]
  • On May 29 in Detroit, a man was fatally shot in the vicinity of protests.[63]
  • On May 30 in Oakland, a Federal Protective Service officer, David Patrick Underwood, was fatally shot outside a federal courthouse in a drive-by attack that also wounded another guard.[64] The Department of Homeland Security has labeled the shooting an act of domestic terrorism. The FBI is investigating but has not yet identified a motive or a suspect.[65]
  • On May 30 in St. Louis, a man died after being run over by a FedEx truck trailer that was fleeing rioters.[66]
  • On May 30 in Omaha, protester James Scurlock was fatally shot outside of a bar.[67] The suspect of the shooting is the owner of the bar.[67]
  • On May 30 in Chicago, a man was killed and five others were injured in multiple incidents in the vicinity of protests.[68]
  • On May 31 in Indianapolis, two people were fatally shot in the vicinity of protests or riots in downtown.[69]
  • On June 1 in Louisville, a man was killed when the Louisville Metro Police and the Kentucky National Guard opened fire on the crowd. These authorities alleged that they returned fire after shots were fired at them. However, the man killed was a bystander who was not taking part in protests. An investigation for the murder is ongoing.[70][71]
  • On June 1 in Davenport, Iowa, two people were fatally shot on a night with significant rioting. One police officer was also wounded in a shooting.[72]

Violence and controversies

Police violence

External videos
video icon Two NYPD vehicles ramming into a crowd of protestors, @pgarapon on Twitter

There have been numerous reports and videos of aggressive police actions using physical force as well as "batons, tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets on protesters, bystanders and journalists, often without warning or seemingly unprovoked."[73] These incidents have provoked "growing concern that aggressive law enforcement tactics intended to impose order were instead inflaming tensions."[73] Police responded that such tactics are necessary to prevent vandalism and arson, and that police officers themselves have been assaulted with thrown rocks and water bottles.[73] In response to the violence, Amnesty International released a press release statement calling the police to end excessive militarized responses to the protests.[74][75]

Two New York City Police Department vehicles were recorded ramming into protesters surrounding and throwing objects at the vehicles;[76] New York City mayor Bill de Blasio defended the officers' actions and an investigation into the event was initiated.[77] Another NYPD police officer was recorded throwing down a female protester with both hands while calling her a "stupid fucking bitch." The protester was hospitalized after the assault and claims to have suffered a seizure.[78] An officer in Salt Lake City pushed an unarmed elderly man to the ground.[79]

On May 30, a video was posted online showing police officers in Minnesota shooting paint rounds at residents on their porches after shouting "Light 'em up!"[80] On the same day, in Atlanta, two police officers broke the windows of a vehicle, yanked a woman out of the car and tased a man. The two victims were identified as two college students who joined the protests. The two police officers were fired after a video showed them using "excessive force".[81] Also on the same day, a grandmother participating in a protest in La Mesa, California was shot by the police with a rubber bullet between her eyes, and ended up being taken to an intensive care unit.[82] In Seattle, an officer placed his knee on the back of the neck of a looting suspect; after onlookers shouted for him to remove his knee from the man's neck his partner pulled it off.[73]

Mob violence

A video posted online showed a man being beaten up by mob of protesters in Dallas. According to Fox Business, the man appeared to defend a store and was reportedly armed with a machete and has skirmished with rioters, who were throwing rocks at him. The man was injured, but was able to sit up and was treated at the scene before being taken away in an ambulance, where he was considered to be in a stable condition.[83][84]

President Donald Trump called the act of violence "terrible" and demanded arrests and "long term jail sentences" for protesters.[84] According to protesters, they acted in self-defense, and the video was edited to "give the false impression about protests".[85] Dallas Police said that the incident is part of an ongoing investigation.

Violence against journalists

U.S. Press Freedom Tracker recorded 60 assaults and 10 incidents in which equipment was damaged during the protests.[86]

From police

External videos
Miami protestors react to police firing chemical irritants on May 30
video icon CNN reporter Omar Jimenez and his filming crew arrested by police during a live television report, CNN
video icon Officer fires paper bullets at WAVE reporter in Louisville, MSNBC

Journalists at several protests were injured and arrested by police while trying to cover the story, being shot by rubber bullets, or sprayed by tear gas.[87][88] As of 31 March, Bellingcat has identified and documented at least 50 separate incidents where journalists were attacked by law enforcement officials during the protests.[89] According to Bellingcat "law enforcement across multiple cities, but especially in Minneapolis, are knowingly and deliberately targeting journalists with less lethal munitions, arrests and other forms of violence."[89]

Omar Jiménez, a black Latino CNN reporter, and his filming crew were arrested while giving a live television report on May 29 in Minneapolis by the Minnesota State Patrol, and then released about an hour later.[90] After the incident took place, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz said that he deeply apologizes for what happened and would work to have the crew released, calling the event "unacceptable" and adding that there was "absolutely no reason something like this should happen."[90][91] CNN called the arrests a "clear violation of their First Amendment rights" in a tweet posted the same day.[91] After the incident the Minnesota State Patrol tweeted that "In the course of clearing the streets and restoring order at Lake Street and Snelling Avenue, four people were arrested by State Patrol troopers, including three members of a CNN crew. The three were released once they were confirmed to be members of the media," however the CNN crew had already informed the troopers that they were members of the media before and during the arrest and carried the relevant paperwork and identification with them.[92][93] The Minneapolis Police Department falsely stated both whilst performing the arrest and via Twitter that his crew had not adequately responded when asked what they were doing.[94]

Linda Tirado, a freelance photo journalist, was shot in the eye with a rubber bullet or a pellet by the police in Minneapolis, and following surgery has been left permanently blind in that eye.[95][96]

Also on May 29 in Louisville, Kentucky, an officer fired pepper bullets at a reporter from NBC affiliate WAVE who was reporting live on air for her station. The station manager issued a statement strongly condemning the incident, saying there was "no justification for police to wantonly open fire."[97]

On the evening of May 28, officers fired pepper bullets at several employees of The Denver Post who were reporting on protests in Denver, Colorado. A photographer was struck twice by pepper bullets, sustaining injuries on his arm. The photographer believed it was not accidental, saying, "If it was one shot, I can say it was an accident. I'm very sure it was the same guy twice. I’m very sure he pointed at me." Another journalist said an officer shot at least one pepper bullet at her feet.[98]

On May 30, members of a Reuters crew were fired on with rubber bullets in Minneapolis shortly after a curfew they were reporting on began. One reporter was hit in the arm and neck while another was hit in the face, which deflected off his gas mask.[99] Also in Minneapolis, France 2's U.S. correspondent Agnès Varamian said her photojournalist, Fabien Fougère, was hurt by non-lethal bullets as she shouted "press" to the police.[100] Expressen's U.S. correspondent Nina Svanberg was also shot in the leg with rubber bullets.[101]

Adolfo Guzman-Lopez, a reporter for NPR- and PRI-affiliate KPCC was shot in the throat with a rubber bullet, on May 31.[102][103]

Ali Velshi and his MSNBC crew were shot with rubber bullets live on air in Minneapolis.[104] CBC News correspondent Susan Ormiston was also hit by rubber bullets during live coverage there.[104] Michael George from the same network also reported his sound engineer being hit by a rubber bullet in the same city.[104]

Sarah Belle, an independent journalist, was hit by a rubber bullet in Oakland.[104]

Los Angeles Times reporter Molly Hennessy-Fiske reported reporters and camera crews being at the receiving end of tear gas by Minnesota State Patrol, while the same happened to an ABC7 crew in Santa Monica.[104] Several Detroit Free Press journalists were pepper sprayed by the city's police, as was KSTP reporter Ryan Raiche along other journalists.[104] Michael Adams from Vice News also reported that happening to him and other journalists present.[104]

HuffPost journalist Christopher Mathias was arrested in Brooklyn, as were independent journalist Simon Moya-Smith in Minneapolis, and CNN's Keith Boykin in New York.[104]

From protesters

Protesters burning car in Pittsburgh on May 30

In Atlanta, the CNN Center was attacked and damaged by protesters on May 29.[105][100]

In the District of Columbia on May 30, a Fox News crew was attacked outside the White House by a group of protesters while reporting on the scene.[106] The crew was chased for several hundred meters until the police intervened.[100]

Pittsburgh Public Safety said that three local journalists were injured on May 30 when protesters "stomped and kicked" them and destroyed their camera.[107] One said he was rescued by other protesters,[108] reportedly including David Morehouse.[109]

Allegations of foreign involvement

There have been allegations of foreign influence stoking the unrest online, with the role of outside powers being additive rather than decisive as of May 31.[110] The CEO of Graphika, which helped the U.S. Senate form its report on Russian social media influence during the 2016 elections, noted "very active engagement" from account clusters from Russia, Iran, and China, and as of May 31 noted that his team was launching an investigation on the matter of possible foreign influence.[110]

Republican Senator Marco Rubio, the current acting Senate Intelligence Committee chairman, asserted "very heavy" social media activity linked to "at least three foreign adversaries", noting that while they "didn't create these divisions", they are "actively stoking and promoting violence".[111] While national security advisor Robert C. O'Brien stated that China was taking a more active role than Russia,[111] former national security advisor Susan Rice stated that the violence that was emerging was "right out of the Russian playbook", drawing angry responses from Russian officials.[112]

On June 1, Zimbabwe summoned its U.S. envoy because of comments by O'Brien suggesting Zimbabwe is among "foreign adversaries" that could face retaliation for formenting unrest.[113]

Reports of extremist activities

There have been accusations of various extremist groups using the cover of the protests to foment general unrest in the United States. According to CNN, "although interference in this way may be happening, federal and local officials have yet to provide evidence to the public."[114]

Far left and anarchist involvement

President Donald Trump blamed "far left extremist groups" for inciting and organizing violent riots.[115] "What we are seeing now on the streets of our cities has nothing to do with justice or with peace," Trump said. "Those making excuses or justification for violence are not helping the downtrodden, but delivering new anguish and new pain." [116] During a press conference, Pittsburgh Police Chief Scott Schubert said Antifa were behind the violence during the protests. He added, "It’s just a damn shame that they took advantage of the situation, for something, something happened in another state where somebody died who shouldn’t have died, and they hijacked that message for their own."[117] U.S. Attorney General William Barr blamed "anarchic and far left extremist groups using Antifa-like tactics" for the violence at the protests. "The voices of peaceful protest are being hijacked by violent radical elements," Barr said.[118] According to a Justice Department spokesperson, Barr came to this conclusion after being provided with information from state and local law enforcement agencies.[119]

On May 31, Trump announced that he planned to designate Antifa as a domestic terrorist group. Various government and non-government officials claim that designating domestic terrorist groups is prohibited by the First Amendment.[120]

Deputy Commissioner for Intelligence and Counterterrorism of the NYPD John Miller said there is a high level of confidence within the department that unnamed "anarchist groups" had planned to commit vandalism and violence in advance.[121]

Far-right and white supremacist involvement

On May 29, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz noted the then-unconfirmed reports of white supremacists as well as drug cartels taking advantage of the protests.[122] Although reports that all or most of the individuals arrested were not from Minnesota turned out to be false, the presence of white supremacist groups aiming to exploit the protests to incite violence was confirmed the following day by Department of Public Safety Commissioner John Harrington.[123]

On May 30, Minnesota officials including Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison, Governor Tim Waltz, Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, and St. Paul Mayor Melvin Carter stated they believed that white nationalists were using the protests as cover for inciting violence,[124] and that Minnesota officials were monitoring the ongoing far-right online effort to incite violence.[125] On the other hand, Howard Graves, an analyst at the SPLC stated on May 31 that he did not see clear evidence of "white supremacists or militiamen" heading out to "burn and loot".[126] The University of St. Thomas' Lisa Waldner, an analyst of the American white supremacist and anarchist movements, has noted that the goal of many of the individuals involved in the destruction of Minneapolis was to create chaos so as to pursue their own agendas.[127] White nationalist Facebook groups reportedly began urging members to "get their loot on".[124] In at least 20 cities across the country as of May 31, members of hate groups and far-right organizations filmed themselves at the demonstrations.[126]

Vice and New York University's Reiss Center[125] reported that right-wing accelerationists, who aim to exacerbate tensions and speed up the supposed coming of a "civil war", have urged followers online to use the protests as an occasion to carry out violence; an eco-fascist Telegram channel with almost 2500 subscribers posted on the 28th that "a riot would be the perfect place to commit a murder". Analysis by Vice and the New York Times[126] also noted the proliferation of chatter on 4Chan hailing the violence as the beginning of a "race war". Such tactics match a long running history of accelerationists exploiting moments of political and/or civil unrest[128] to, in the words of historian Stuart Wexler, "produce racial polarization and eventual retaliation" which would then swell the ranks of whites supporting white supremacist violence, ultimately leading to a race war that they hope will "purify" America through ethnic cleansing.[129] Analogous tactics were used by their ideological forebears in the 1960s,[129] and accelerationist ideas are proliferated on web forums and have inspired various white supremacist acts of violence, being featured also in the manifesto of the perpetrator of the Christchurch massacre.[125][130]

The presence of Boogaloo Bois, an armed anti-government far-right extremist movement that seeks a Second American Civil War, noticeable for their Hawaiian shirts, have also been reported at the protests.[128] Administrators of the Facebook page Big Igloo Bois, a splinter of the Boogaloo movement, called for members to attend the protests with one administrator stating, "come in peace, prepare for there to be violence."[131] While some of the Boogaloo Bois have espoused racial supremacist views, other groups, such as the Big Igloo Bois, have aimed to make common cause with the Black Lives Matter movement due to their shared mistrust of the police.[132][125]

Unidentified individuals

In Minneapolis on May 27, an unidentified individual carrying an umbrella and wearing a gas mask was filmed[133] breaking windows with a hammer during the protests.[134] In the early evening, a white man wearing black protective gear and a face mask respirator, and holding an umbrella, walked casually up to the AutoZone next to the police department and smashed the windows of the building with a hammer as a passersby told him to stop. There was speculation that the man was an agent provocateur.[135] Social media users claimed the man holding an umbrella was an undercover Saint Paul Police officer; the Saint Paul Police Department issued a statement via Twitter denying the claims.[136][137]

Use of social media

Many individuals of the general population and celebrities used social media to document the protests, spread information and donation sites, and post memorials to George Floyd. Cardi B used her social media to comment on the police brutality and looting during the protests stating; "Police brutality been going on even way before I was born, but it has been more visual ever since social media" and "How many peaceful protests have we seen? How many trending hashtags have we seen? People are tired. Now this [looting] is what people have to resort to."[138]

The hashtag #WalkWithUs was used to highlight law enforcement individuals who joined protesters in protesting against police brutality, such as in Santa Cruz, California, and Flint, Michigan.[139] Childish Gambino's song "This is America" was used heavily by protesters sharing footage of protests and police action on TikTok.[140] Others used personal Twitter pages to post video documentation of the protests to highlight police and protestors actions, and points of the protests they felt would not be reported.[141]

During this time, multiple videos of the looting, protests and riots were shared by journalists and protestors with many videos going viral. One such was footage of a destroyed and smoky Target store interior, that the poster claimed was in Minneapolis and destroyed during the protests, within 12 hours of being posted on Twitter the video had accumulated over 2.5 million views.[142]

Following Floyd's death on May 25, 2020, 15-year old Kellen started a Change.org petition[143] labelled "Justice for George Floyd" demanding that all four police officers involved should be charged. The petition has gained over 10 million signatures, making it the largest petition in the site's history.[144] Celebrities like Beyoncé have shown their support by promoting this petition on Instagram.[145]

Misinformation

Misinformation was spread across social media, hours prior to the beginning of the first protests. Internet users and celebrities spread images of men wearing MAGA hats that were falsely identified as Chauvin.[146] Social media users claimed a man videoed breaking the windows of an AutoZone in Minneapolis on May 27 was an undercover Saint Paul Police officer; the Saint Paul Police Department denied these claims through a statement on Twitter.[136][137] Others spread images of damage from other protests or incidents, falsely attributing the damage to the George Floyd protests.[146]

Minnesota Governor Tim Walz speculated that there was "an organized attempt to destabilize civil society," initially stating that as many as 80% of the individuals had possibly come from outside the state,[147] and the mayor of St. Paul, Melvin Carter, said that everyone arrested in St. Paul on May 29 was from out of state.[148] However, this was shown to be incorrect, as records proved that the majority of those arrested were in-state.[149] At a press conference later the same day, Carter explained that he had "shared... arrest data received in [his] morning police briefing which [he] later learned to be inaccurate."[150]

Reactions

Domestic

Political

On May 27, 2020, President Donald Trump tweeted "At my request, the FBI and the Department of Justice are already well into an investigation as to the very sad and tragic death in Minnesota of George Floyd...."[152]

On May 29, President Trump responded to the riots by threatening that either "the very weak Radical Left Mayor Jacob Frey get his act together and bring the City under control" or he will send in the National Guard, adding that "Any difficulty and we will assume control but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts."[153][154][155][156] The tweet was interpreted as quoting former Miami Police Chief Walter Headley, who said "when the looting starts, the shooting starts" in December 1967, as Miami saw escalating tensions and racial protests aimed at the 1968 Republican National Convention.[15][157] Trump's use of the quote was seen by Twitter as an incitement of violence; Twitter placed the tweet behind a public interest notice for breaching its terms of service in regards to incitement of violence.[158] The next day, Trump commented on his original tweet, saying, "Looting leads to shooting, and that's why a man was shot and killed in Minneapolis on Wednesday night - or look at what just happened in Louisville with 7 people shot. I don't want this to happen, and that's what the expression put out last night means...."[159]

On May 30, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo stated that the riots have exposed the "inequality and discrimination in the criminal justice system" and that "When you have one episode, two episodes maybe you can look at them as individual episodes. But when you have 10 episodes, 15 episodes, you are blind or in denial if you are still treating each one like a unique situation,"[160]

Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms called for protesters to express their anger through "non-violent" means. She decried the protests as illegitimate and accused them of harming Atlanta rather than helping.[161]

Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds and Des Moines Mayor Frank Cownie, while sympathizing with the anger of protesters, asked for citizens to stop the violence and have a "Respectful, peaceful dialogue."[162]

Former National Security Advisor Susan Rice suggested in an interview on CNN that Russia was behind the violent protests.[163]

Support in the entertainment industry

The entertainment industry has been supportive of protesters, exhibited by a number of prominent figures supporting the protests and adjacent Black Lives Matter causes. Much of the music industry called for a "blackout" on June 2.[164][165]

Commercial

On the morning of May 29, Target temporarily closed 24 of its locations in the Twin Cities area, and reopened all but six the same day.[166][167] Target later announced that they would be closing 73 of their Minnesota stores until further notice and made a commitment to rebuilding the store on Lake Street.[168] On May 31, Target closed 49 stores in California and 12 stores in New York.[169]

Concerns over health

Surgeon General Jerome Adams said, in relation to the protests, that the U.S. "must acknowledge & address the impact of racism on health."[1] He also tweeted:

Concerns over COVID-19 transmission
See also: COVID-19 pandemic § Transmission

Health experts warned that the mass protests likely facilitate an accelerated spread of COVID-19.[171][172][173][174][175][176] The Minnesota Department of Health raised concerns that the protests may exacerbate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[177] Minnesota Governor Tim Walz expressed worries over a spike in COVID-19 cases.[178] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo shared similar worries describing the protests as "inherently dangerous in the context of this pandemic".[173] He also stated that people have the right to protest but that they don't have the "right to infect other people", or the "right to act in a way that's going to jeopardize public health."[173] Mayor of Washington, D.C. Muriel Bowser stated that "We've been working hard to not have mass gatherings. As a nation, we have to be concerned about rebound."[172] Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms stated that "I am extremely concerned when we're seeing mass gatherings. We know what's happening in our community with this virus,"[173] She also said "If you were out protesting last night, you probably need to go get a Covid test this week."[179] Maryland Governor Larry Hogan shared a similar sentiment, saying that "There's no questions that when you put hundreds or thousands of people together in close proximity when we've got this virus all over the streets is not healthy".[173]

Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney requested that citizens protest according to social distancing guidelines.[180] New York Governor Andrew Cuomo asked for citizens to protest wearing masks to prevent spread of the disease.[173] Minnesota's governor stated that "too many" protesters weren't applying physical person-to-person distances or wearing masks.[176] Some police officers also weren't adhering to protective rules and norms such as wearing masks.[176] Experts have mixed views of the potential efficacy of properly used, non-N95 masks and note that using a face mask does not warrant stopping other protective practices such as keeping sufficient physical distance from others.[181] Ashish Jha, the director of the global health institute at Harvard’s TH Chan School of public believes that masks are a critical part of protesting safely and in accordance to COVID 19 guidelines.[179] Theodore Long, a doctor affiliated with New York's contact tracing strategy, echoed Jha's point as well as advocating for attendants to "practice proper hand hygiene and to the extent possible, socially distance".[179]

Scott Gottlieb, the former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration under President Donald Trump said that "There's going to be a lot of issues coming out of what's happened in the last week, but one of them is going to be that chains of transmission will have become lit from these gatherings".[173] Megan Ranney, an emergency room physician and researcher at Brown University called for people to examine the racial disparities of the COVID-19 spread and their relation to the protests.[173]

International

Many nations around the world have watched the unrest in the United States in horror and are alarmed by the chaos and violence.[182]

Countries

  • Canada – Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called for Canada to "stand together in solidarity" against racial discrimination. He said Canadians are watching the police violence in the United States in "shock and horror."[183]
  • China – The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States issued an alert to Chinese citizens in the United States, saying "to closely monitor the local security situation, stay alert to police notices over demonstrations, protests and possible riots and avoid traveling to dangerous areas" and that "Chinese citizens operating stores and shops should remain vigilant and step up security measures."[184] The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that Black lives matter, that their human rights should be guaranteed and urged the U.S. to eliminate racial discrimination.[185] Several local news outlets and officials have called the situation a "double standard" for the U.S. labelling Hong Kong protesters as "heroes" over the U.S. protesters being labelled as rioters. [186][187]
  • Iran – The Iranian Foreign Minister condemned what he called "the tragic murder of black people and deadly racial discrimination in the United States." It added that "the voices of the protesters must be heard ... (and) the repression of suffering Americans must be stopped immediately."[188]
  • Russia – The Russian Foreign Ministry condemned the police violence and arrest of journalists amid the protests, remarking that "this incident is not the first in the string of incidents exposing lawlessness and unjustified violence by ‘guardians of law and order’ in the United States".[189]
  • Turkey – Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said a "racist and fascist" approach led to Floyd's death and said that "[we] will be monitoring the issue."[190]
  • United Kingdom – The Foreign Office reacted to the arrest of a journalist and said that "journalists all around the world must be free to do their job and hold authorities to account without fear of retribution."[190] Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab commented that the footage of Floyd's arrest was "very distressing" but said that it is "not his job" to comment on the U.S. President's response to the protests.[191]
  • Venezuela – Foreign minister Jorge Arreaza condemned the "prejudiced language" used by Donald Trump in describing the protesters.[192]
  • Zimbabwe – The government of Zimbabwe summoned Brian A. Nichols, the U.S. ambassador to Zimbabwe, to a meeting over remarks by White House official Robert C. O'Brien that Zimbabwe is a "foreign adversary" that could face retaliation for "fomenting" the protests.[193]

International organizations

  • United Nations – UN Human Rights chief Michelle Bachelet condemned the death at the hands of police, urging American authorities to take "serious action" to stop the killings of unarmed minorities.[194]
  • African Union – Head of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki Mahamat, described Floyd's death as a "murder," stating that the African Union condemned the "continuing discriminatory practices against black citizens of the USA."[195]
  • Amnesty International – The organization released a press release statement calling the police in the United States to end excessive militarized responses to the protests.[74][75]
  • A fire burns at maX it PAWN in Minneapolis, Minnesota
    A fire burns at maX it PAWN in Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • Firefighters observing the damage in Minneapolis the afternoon of May 28, 2020
    Firefighters observing the damage in Minneapolis the afternoon of May 28, 2020
  • "Black Lives Fucking Matter" and "Fuck 12" graffiti on a looted Target store in Lake Street, Minneapolis, the morning of May 28, 2020
    "Black Lives Fucking Matter" and "Fuck 12" graffiti on a looted Target store in Lake Street, Minneapolis, the morning of May 28, 2020
  • Protests in Columbus, Ohio on May 28, 2020
    Protests in Columbus, Ohio on May 28, 2020
  • The Minneapolis Police's 3rd Precinct being burned down by protesters on May 28, 2020
    The Minneapolis Police's 3rd Precinct being burned down by protesters on May 28, 2020
  • Downtown Indianapolis on May 29, 2020
    Downtown Indianapolis on May 29, 2020
  • Protest at the US embassy in Berlin on May 30, 2020
    Protest at the US embassy in Berlin on May 30, 2020
  • Commencement of a march in Brooklyn, New York on May 30, 2020
  • SWAT units impose a curfew across Charleston County, South Carolina on May 31, 2020
    SWAT units impose a curfew across Charleston County, South Carolina on May 31, 2020

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ See Deaths subsection.

References

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