Blocks (C language extension)

Blocks are a non-standard extension added by Apple Inc. to Clang's implementations of the C, C++, and Objective-C programming languages that uses a lambda expression-like syntax to create closures within these languages. Blocks are supported for programs developed for Mac OS X 10.6+ and iOS 4.0+, although third-party runtimes allow use on Mac OS X 10.5 and iOS 2.2+ and non-Apple systems.

Apple designed blocks with the explicit goal of making it easier to write programs for the Grand Central Dispatch threading architecture, although it is independent of that architecture and can be used in much the same way as closures in other languages. Apple has implemented blocks both in their own branch of the GNU Compiler Collection and in the upstream Clang LLVM compiler front end. Language runtime library support for blocks is also available as part of the LLVM project. The Khronos group uses blocks syntax to enqueue kernels from within kernels as of version 2.0 of OpenCL.

Like function definitions, blocks can take arguments, and declare their own variables internally. Unlike ordinary C function definitions, their value can capture state from their surrounding context. A block definition produces an opaque value which contains both a reference to the code within the block and a snapshot of the current state of local stack variables at the time of its definition. The block may be later invoked in the same manner as a function pointer. The block may be assigned to variables, passed to functions, and otherwise treated like a normal function pointer, although the application programmer (or the API) must mark the block with a special operator (Block_copy) if it's to be used outside the scope in which it was defined.

Given a block value, the code within the block can be executed at any later time by calling it, using the same syntax that would be used for calling a function.

Examples

A simple example capturing mutable state in the surrounding scope is an integer range iterator:

/* blocks-test.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <Block.h>
/* Type of block taking nothing returning an int */
typedef int (^IntBlock)();

IntBlock MakeCounter(int start, int increment) {
	__block int i = start;
	
	return Block_copy( ^(void) {
		int ret = i;
		i += increment;
		return ret;
	});
	
}

int main(void) {
	IntBlock mycounter = MakeCounter(5, 2);
	printf("First call: %d\n", mycounter());
	printf("Second call: %d\n", mycounter());
	printf("Third call: %d\n", mycounter());
	
	/* because it was copied, it must also be released */
	Block_release(mycounter);
	
	return 0;
}

Compile and execute

$ clang -fblocks blocks-test.c # Mac OS X
$ ./a.out
First call: 5
Second call: 7
Third call: 9

The blocks runtime is not part of the C library(s) linked by default on some systems. If this is the case, it is required to explicitly link to this library:

$ clang -fblocks blocks-test.c -lBlocksRuntime # Linux

The runtime is a part of clang's runtime, but is sometimes not installed with the clang package. A standalone runtime extracted from compiler-rt is available.

Blocked/all

See also

• Closure (computer science)
• Lexical scope
• Lambda (programming)
• Spaghetti stack
• Thunk (functional programming)
• XNU
• C++11 (includes "lambda expressions")

External links

• "Clang Language Extensions: Blocks". LLVM Project. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
• ""compiler-rt" Runtime Library". LLVM Project. Retrieved 2013-01-20.