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Differences in fluidity between males and females
Studies have illustrated that there is a tendency for females to have greater erotic plasticity than males [1]. That is, the genital arousal pattern of males tends to be significantly more specific to their sexual orientation than that of females.[1] In the same way that women show greater plasticity in their sexual arousal patterns, it has been found that women also tend to show significantly more fluidity in their sexual orientations.[2] That is, women have been shown to report more bisexual attractions than men.[3] It has long been speculated that bisexuality is a transitional stage towards coming out as homosexual. However, longitudinal studies have demonstrated that many women who display same-sex attraction patterns after a lifetime of heterosexuality are considerably likely to show other-sex attraction at different points in their lives.[2] It has been suggested that women are more likely than men to change the direction of their sexual attraction throughout their lives depending on contextual and situational factors.[4] Converse to the sexual response patterns of women, men tend to show more category specificity in their sexual responding. That is, men who report heterosexuality in their sexual attractions are more likely to show genital arousal specifically to heterosexual stimuli while homosexual men are more likely to show genital arousal to homosexual stimuli. Similarly, men tend to be less fluid and more stable in their sexual orientations.[5]
It has been suggested that there is a link between prenatal hormones and sexual orientation. Biological and physiological factors such as hormone levels in fetal development may contribute to the differences in fluidity of sexual orientation between females and males.[6] It has also been suggested that environmental factors could play a role in the fluidity of sexual orientation. Gender roles in Western society are much more rigid for males than they are for females. This could account for the tendency for men to be much more stable in their sexual attractions than females.[7]
Gender, transgender, cisgender, and conformance
A study by Meier et al. among a population of female-to-male (FtM) transgenders has demonstrated a shift in sexual orientation before and after transition.[8] This change was most common among those who were attracted to females prior to transition and attracted to males post-transition. These results support Lisa Diamond's[2] research that illustrates greater fluidity among natal females. There has not been sufficient research conducted on transitional changes in sexual orientation among male-to-female (MtF) transgendered people.
Fluidity in Adolescence
Research has shown that sexual orientation change during adolescence from same-sex attractedness toward heterosexuality is much more common than one may think. Studies report that teenagers who report same-sex orientation are 25 times more likely to classify themselves as heterosexual one year later than those who classify themselves in the reverse direction[9] . It appears that homosexual orientation is much more fluid than heterosexual orientation[10] . These findings could be attributed to the many other changes that occur in adolescenthood [11]. Young adolescents, while experiencing many changes in their bodies, are becoming increasingly aware of sexuality and may start spending more time thinking about opposite-sex or same sex attractions. As they move into late adolescence, teens become interested in developing emotional relationships to those whom they are sexually attracted. Sexual activity becomes a prevalent part of their decision-making and development process into adulthood. As all of these changes are occurring, cognitions and desires may develop and change. It is thought that due to the plasticity of cognitive development in adolescence, it is fairly common for teenagers to experience changes in their attractions, which leads to the desire to explore different orientations[12] .
Cultural Influences in Fluidity
There exists certain cultures such as that of the Sambia Tribe of Papua New Guinea, in which sexual orientation is determined by tradition. Rituals of this tribe involve the demasculinization of young boys and men with one of the mens to essentially show them that they can survive without women [13]. Many of the involved practices would be recognized in Western society as homosexually erotic; for example, boys performing fallatio on Sambian men[14]. Transition to heterosexuality in Sambian men does not occur until marriage to a Sambian woman [15]. Social learning theory has been used by many researchers to account for transition in the sexual orientation of Sambian men [15]. It is important to recognize that Papua New Guinea is not the only country in which these types of tribe exist; similar practices occur in the regions of Polynesia and Melanesia [15].
References
- ^ a b Baumeister, R. F. (2000). "Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive". Psychological Bulletin. 126. 3: 347–374. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.126.3.347.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ a b c Diamond, L. M. (2003). "What does sexual orientation orient? A biobehavioural model distinguishing romantic love and sexual desire". Psychological Review. 110: 173–192. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.173.
- ^ Pattatucci, A.M.L. (1998). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities in families: Psychological perspectives. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 19–39.
- ^ Peplau, L.A. (2001). "Rethinking women's sexual orientation: An interdiscliplinary, relationship-focused approach". Personal Relationships: 1–19.
- ^ Chivers, M. L. (2005). "Leading comment: A brief review and discussion of sex differences in the specificity of sexual arousal". Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 4: 377–390.
- ^ Hines, Melissa (2010). "Sex-related variation in human behaviour and the brain". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10. 14: 448–456. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.005.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Fagot, B. I. (1991). "Observations of parents' reactions to sex-stereotyped behaviours: Age and sex effects". Child Development. 62: 617–628.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Meier, S. C. (2013). "Measures of clinical health among female-to-male transgender persons as a function of sexual orientation". Archives of Sexual Behaviour. 42 (3): 463–474.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Kitzuger, C (2002). "Transitions from heterosexuality to lesbianism: the discursive production of lesbian identities". Developmental Psychology. 31: 95–100.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Breiner, Sander. "Homosexuality to Heterosexuality: Can the Transition Be Made?". Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ Whitehead; Whitehead, Neil L.; Briar (1999). My Genes Made Me Do It!. Huntington House. pp. 224–236.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Oswalt, Angela. "The Development of Adolescent Sexuality". MSW. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ Neill, James (2009). The Origins and Role of Same-sex Relations in Human Societies. McFarland. pp. 44–49.
- ^ Kimmel, Michael (2006). "Ritualized Homosexuality in a Nacirema Subculture". Sexualities. 9 (95): 95–105. doi:10.1177/1363460706060695.
- ^ a b c Baldwin, J. D. (1989). "The socialization of homosexuality and heterosexuality in a non-Western society". Archives of sexual behavior. 18 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1007/BF01579288.