Computer Lib/Dream Machines
 First edition cover | |
| Author | Ted Nelson |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Self-published (1st ed.) Tempus Books/Microsoft Press (2nd ed.) |
Publication date | 1974 (1st ed.) 1987 (2nd ed.) |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Paperback) |
| ISBN | 0-89347-002-3 |
| OCLC | 217227165 |
Computer Lib is a 1974 book by Ted Nelson, printed with Dream Machines, another book by Nelson, as a two-front cover paperback to indicate its intertwingled nature. Originally self-published by Nelson, it was republished with a foreword by Stewart Brand in 1987 by Microsoft Press. Computer Lib, subtitled "You can and must understand computers NOW," was influenced by Brand's Whole Earth Catalog.
Nelson's book is a spirited manifesto that inspired a generation of DIY computer-lovers. In his book Tools for Thought, Howard Rheingold calls Computer Lib "the best-selling underground manifesto of the microcomputer revolution."[1] In Steven Levy's book Hackers, Computer Lib is described as "the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream. [Nelson] was stubborn enough to publish it when no one else seemed to think it was a good idea."[2] Published just before the release of the Altair 8800 kit, Computer Lib is often considered the first book about the personal computer.[3]
Synopsis
Computer Lib
In Computer Lib. You can and must understand computers NOW, Nelson attempts to explain computers to the laymen during a time when personal computers had not yet become mainstream and anticipated the machine being open for anyone to use.[4] Nelson writes about the need for people to understand computers more deeply than was generally promoted as computer literacy, which he considers a superficial kind of familiarity with particular hardware and software. His rallying cry "Down with Cybercrud" is against the centralization of computers such as that performed by IBM at the time, as well as against what he sees as the intentional untruths that "computer people" tell to non-computer people to keep them from understanding computers.[5]
Dream Machines
In Dream Machines. New Freedom through Computer Screens, Nelson covers the flexible media potential of the computer, which was shockingly new at the time.[6] He saw the use of hypermedia and hypertext, both terms he coined, being beneficial for creativity and education. He urged readers to look at the computer not as just a scientific machine, but as an interactive machine that can be accessible to anyone.[4]
Format
Both the 1974 and 1987 editions have an unconventional layout, with two front covers (one for Computer Lib and the other for Dream Machines) and the division between the two books marked by text (for the other side) rotated 180°. The text itself is broken up into many sections, with simulated pull-quotes, comics, side bars, etc., similar to a magazine layout. According to Steven Levy, Nelson's format requirements for the book's "over-sized pages loaded with print so small you could hardly read it, along with scribbled notations, and manically amateurish drawings" may have contributed to the difficulty of finding a publisher for the first edition - Nelson paid 2,000 dollars out of his own pocket for the first print run of several hundred copies.[2]
Besides the Whole Earth Catalog, the layout also bore similarities to the People's Computer Company (PCC) newsletter, published by a Menlo Park based group of the same name, where Nelson's book would gain (as described by Levy) "a cult following ... Ted Nelson was treated like royalty at [PCC] potluck dinners."[2]
Neologisms
In Computer Lib, Nelson introduced a few words that he coined :
- Cybercrud- "the author's own term for the practice of putting things over on people using computers (especially, forcing them to adapt to a rigid, inflexible, poorly thought out system)".[7] In the text, Nelson puts forth the rallying cry "Down with Cybercrud!"
- Hypertext- originally coined in 1965, is text displayed which references other information that a user can access.[8] Nelson explores the term and its future in computers greatly within Computer Lib.
- Intertwingularity- Nelson says "Everything is deeply intertwingled".[5] He says that all subjects and information are connected. The term comes from the merging of intertwined and intermingled.[9]
References
Citations
- ^ Rheingold 2000.
- ^ a b c Levy 2010.
- ^ Wardrip-Fruin & Monfort 2003.
- ^ a b Schäfer 2011.
- ^ a b Nelson 1983.
- ^ Ceruzzi 2010.
- ^ BYTE 1975.
- ^ Nielsen 1995.
- ^ Struppa & Dechow 2015.
Bibliography
- BYTE Magazine, October 1975
- Ceruzzi, P. E. (2010-07-01). ""Ready or not, computers are coming to the people": Inventing the PC". OAH Magazine of History. 24 (3): 25–28. doi:10.2307/maghis/24.3.25. ISSN 0882-228X.
- Levy, Steven (2010). "Chapter 8: Revolt in 2100". Hackers. O’Reilly.
- Rheingold, Howard (2000). Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-expanding Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262681155.
- Nelson, Theodor H. (1983). Computer lib : you can and must understand computers now. Nelson, Theodor H. ("First edition"--cover ed.). Nelson. ISBN 0893470023. OCLC 11182412.
- Nelson, Ted (1974). "Computer Lib / Dream Machines". In Wardrip-Fruin; Montfort (eds.). NMR.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Nielsen, Jakob (1995). "The History of Hypertext". Multimedia and Hypertext : the Internet and beyond. AP Professional. ISBN 0-12-518408-5. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
- Schäfer, Mirko Tobias (2011). Bastard Culture!: How User Participation Transforms Cultural Production. Amsterdam University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9789089642561.
- Struppa, Daniele C.; Dechow, Douglas R., eds. (2015). Intertwingled : the work and influence of Ted Nelson. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 3319169254. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
External links
- "Computer Lib/Dream Machines Retrospective" - Excerpts from "Computer Lib"
- Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond. Chapter from Tools for Thought (book on history of computers) by Howard Rheingold