OpenFOAM

OpenFOAM

File:OpenFOAM software logo.png
OpenFOAM running in a terminal
Original author(s)	Henry Weller
Developer(s)	OpenCFD Ltd. / CFD Direct Ltd. / Wikki Ltd.
Initial release	10 December 2004 (2004-12-10)
Stable release	v7 / 8 July 2019 (2019-07-08)
Repository	github.com/OpenFOAM/OpenFOAM-dev
Written in	C++ / C
Operating system	Unix / Linux / Windows
Type	Computational fluid dynamics, simulation software, fluid structure interaction
License	GPLv3
Website	openfoam.org

OpenFOAM (for "Open-source Field Operation And Manipulation") is a C++ toolbox for the development of customized numerical solvers, and pre-/post-processing utilities for the solution of continuum mechanics problems, most prominently including computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

There are three main versions of OpenFOAM software that are released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License Version 3:

1. OpenFOAM Foundation released by OpenFOAM Foundation, the copyright holder of the OpenFOAM code,
2. ESI fork version released every 6 months by ESI-OpenCFD Ltd., and
3. The FOAM-Extend Project fork released by Wikki Ltd..

In addition to the above main forks, there are several variants of software maintained and released for specific applications by other entities based on the OpenFOAM technologies: to name but a few: blueCFD®-Core, SIMSCALE, and iconCFD.

OpenFOAM has been released by OpenCFD Ltd. since 2004, the name OpenFOAM was registered as a trademark by the OpenCFD Ltd in 2007, and grants use of its OpenFOAM trademark by Third Parties on a licence basis. ESI Group and OpenFOAM Foundation Ltd are currently permitted to use the Name and agreed Domain Name.

History

Flow simulation using OpenFOAM and ParaView for visualization

The name FOAM has been claimed to appear for the first time as a post-processing tool written by Charlie Hill in the early 90s in Prof. David Gosman's group in Imperial College London.

Nevertheless, as a continuum mechanics / computational fluid dynamics tool, the first development of FOAM (which had became OpenFOAM later on) was initiated by Henry Weller at the same institute by using the C++ programming language rather than the de facto standard programming language FORTRAN of the time to develop a powerful and flexible general simulation platform. From this initiation to the founding of a company called Nabla Ltd, (predominantly) Henry Weller and Hrvoje Jasak carried out the basic development of the software for almost a decade. For a few years, FOAM was sold as a commercial code by Nabla Ltd. However, in 2004 FOAM was released under GPL and was renamed to OpenFOAM.

In 2004, Nabla Ltd was folded. Immediately afterwards, Henry Weller, Chris Greenshields and Mattijs Janssens founded OpenCFD Ltd to develop and release OpenFOAM. At the same time, Hrvoje Jasak founded the consulting company Wikki Ltd and maintained a fork of OpenFOAM called openfoam-extend, later renamed to foam-extend.

On 8 August 2011, OpenCFD was acquired by Silicon Graphics International (SGI). On 12 September 2012, the ESI Group announced the acquisition of OpenCFD Ltd and the OpenFOAM trademark from SGI.

In 2014, Weller and Greenshields left the ESI Group, and founded the CFD Direct Ltd, and forked the official OpenFOAM version on behalf of the OpenFOAM Foundation. OpenFOAM Foundation whose directors are Henry Weller, Chris Greenshields, and Cristel de Rouvray (the CEO of the ESI Group) handed the maintenance of the OpenFOAM-Foundation fork to the CFD Direct.

The following figure summarises the chronological and common development of the main three variants of OpenFOAM software, whereat the arrows show the directions of functionality transfers, namely:

1. The official OpenFOAM (trademark) version mainly developed and maintained by ESI-OpenCFD Ltd. with a date-of-release identifier (e.g. v1906),
2. The OpenFOAM-Foundation fork mainly maintained by CFD Direct Ltd. sequence based identifier (e.g. 6.0),
3. The FOAM-Extend Project fork mainly maintained by Wikki Ltd..

OpenFOAM fork release history, and merge directions between forks

Distinguishing features

Syntax

One distinguishing feature of OpenFOAM is its syntax for tensor operations and partial differential equations that closely resembles the equations being solved. For example, the equation

${\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(\rho \mathbf {U} )+\nabla \cdot (\phi \mathbf {U} )-\mu \nabla ^{2}\mathbf {U} =-\nabla p$

is represented by the code

solve
(
     fvm::ddt(rho,U)
   + fvm::div(phi,U)
   - fvm::laplacian(mu,U)
 ==
   - fvc::grad(p)
);

This syntax, achieved through the use of object-oriented programming and operator overloading, enables users to create custom solvers with relative ease. However, code customization becomes more challenging with increasing depth into the OpenFOAM library, owing to a lack of documentation and heavy use of template metaprogramming.

Extensibility

Users can create custom objects, such as boundary conditions or turbulence models, that will work with existing solvers without having to modify or recompile the existing source code. OpenFOAM accomplishes this by combining virtual constructors with the use of simplified base classes as interfaces. As a result, this gives OpenFOAM good extensibility qualities. OpenFOAM refers to this capability as run-time selection.

Structure of OpenFOAM

OpenFOAM is constituted by a large base library, which offers the core capabilities of the code:

• Tensor and field operations
• Discretization of partial differential equations using a human-readable syntax
• Solution of linear systems
• Solution of ordinary differential equations
• Automatic parallelization of high-level operations
• Dynamic mesh
• General physical models
  • Rheological models
  • Thermodynamic models and database
  • Turbulence models
  • Chemical reaction and kinetics models
  • Lagrangian particle tracking methods
  • Radiative heat transfer models
  • Multi-reference frame and single-reference frame methodologies

The capabilities provided by the library are then used to develop applications. Applications are written using the high-level syntax introduced by OpenFOAM, which aims at reproducing the conventional mathematical notation. Two categories of applications exist:

• Solvers: they perform the actual calculation to solve a specific continuum mechanics problem.
• Utilities: they are used to prepare the mesh, set-up the simulation case, process the results, and to perform operations other than solving the problem under examination.

Each application provides specific capabilities: for example, the application called blockMesh is used to generate meshes from an input file provided by the user, while another application called icoFoam solves the Navier–Stokes equations for an incompressible laminar flow.

Finally, a set of third-party packages are used to provide parallel functionality (OpenMPI) and graphical post-processing (ParaView).

Capabilities

Simulation of burning Methane. The Graphical user interface is ParaView.

OpenFOAM solvers include:

• Basic CFD solvers
• Incompressible flow with RANS and LES capabilities
• Compressible flow solvers with RANS and LES capabilities
• Buoyancy-driven flow solvers
• DNS and LES
• Multiphase flow solvers
• Particle-tracking solvers
• Solvers for combustion problems
• Solvers for conjugate heat transfer
• Molecular dynamics solvers
• Direct simulation Monte Carlo solvers
• Electromagnetics solvers
• Solid dynamics solvers

In addition to the standard solvers, OpenFOAM syntax lends itself to the easy creation of custom solvers.

OpenFOAM utilities are subdivided into:

• Mesh utilities
  • Mesh generation: they generate computational grids starting either from an input file (blockMesh), or from a generic geometry specified as STL file, which is meshed automatically with hex-dominant grids (snappyHexMesh)
  • Mesh conversion: they convert grids generated using other tools to the OpenFOAM format
  • Mesh manipulation: they perform specific operations on the mesh such as localized refinement, definition of regions, and others
• Parallel processing utilities: they provide tools to decompose, reconstruct and re-distribute the computational case to perform parallel calculations
• Pre-processing utilities: tools to prepare the simulation cases
• Post-processing utilities: tools to process the results of simulation cases, including a plugin to interface OpenFOAM and ParaView.
• Surface utilities
• Thermophysical utilities

License

OpenFOAM is free and open-source software, released under the GNU General Public License version 3.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

• Friendly syntax for partial differential equations
• Fully documented source code
• Unstructured polyhedral grid capabilities
• Automatic parallelization of applications written using OpenFOAM high-level syntax
• Wide range of applications and models ready to use
• Commercial support and training provided by the developers
• No license costs

Disadvantages

• The development community suffers from fragmentation, giving rise to numerous forked projects.
• Absence of an integrated graphical user interface (stand-alone open-source and proprietary options are available)
• The Programmer's guide does not provide sufficient details, making the progress slow if you need to write new applications or add functionality

GUI and software tools integrated with OpenFOAM

• FEATool Multiphysics A physics simulation toolbox and GUI for MATLAB.
• HELYX-OS
• iconCFD
• InsightCAE is an open source project for creating automated simulation workflows which can be controlled from a GUI ("vertical apps"). OpenFOAM is supported as the primary backend for CFD simulations.
• MantiumFlow - a CLI and GUI tool which automates CFD pre and post-processing, turning simulations into Apps ("vertical apps").
• SimFlow
• SimScale
• simulationHub - online platform with automated cloud based CFD Apps ("vertical apps"), specifically developed for Design engineer
• SwiftBloc and SwiftSnap
• Visual-CFD is an advanced, intelligent environment for OpenFOAM including Pre and Post modules with process Automation/Customization features
• preCICE is an open-source coupling library for partitioned multi-physics simulations.

See also

• ParaView an open-source multiple-platform application for interactive scientific visualization

External links

Official resources

• OpenFOAM Foundation website
• OpenFOAM Trademark website
• Download OpenFOAM-Foundation variant
• Download OpenFOAM-Trademark variant
• OpenFOAM-Foundation documentation
• OpenFOAM-Trademark extended code documentation
• OpenFOAM-Foundation bug-reporting system
• OpemFOAM-Trademark bug-reporting system

Community resources

• OpenFOAM Forum at CFD Online
• OpenFOAM wiki
• A Blog about OpenFOAM in Chinese
• OpenFOAM tutorials by Holzmann CFD
• PhD course in CFD with OpenSource Software

Other resources

• OpenCFD Ltd