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Morus mongolica
{(photograph from chinese wikimedia commons)}
Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneider [1] or Morus alba var. mongolica (L.) Bureau [2][several sources] al otherwise known as the meng sang [grin.gov taxonomy], …, and ilama,(by mongolian herdsmen) [Khasbagan et al., 2008] is a woody plant commonly found in forests in China, Mongolia, Japan, and Korea where it is native. (gov: pbnh, grin; papers)
. (source 1) It is an uncultivated mulberry plant (Li et al. 2016) but is
Description
The mongolian mulberry is a perennial woody tree. (.gov) Its native range is Korea, China, Mongolia, and Japan.(efloras, etc.) It grows up to about 8 m tall (26 feet) [1,3] [Schneider]. The leaves are lobate, with mature lengths ranging from 8cm-15cm long and 5-8 cm wide. [efloras]
The flowers occur in inflorescences, both male and female. The male inflorescences are about 3-4 cm long and 7mm wide, whereas the female flowers are about 2 cm long and 7mm wide; both of which with a pedicel of about 1-1.5cm [original, efloras]. Both the male and the female flowers are in groups of fours: four sepals, four petals, four stamen (for male flowers) and 4 carpels (for female flowers). The Mongolian mulberry flowers from march to april and fruits in april to may (efloras)
Fruits are aggregate, and are dull red to black in color. Each cluster is about 1-3 cm long with a 1 cm diameter, with the individual drupelets about 3mm in diameter.
Ecology
[Herbivory]
The mongolian mulberry has many properties which are useful to native fauna. (source?) The leaves are eaten and digested by silk worms (Li et al., 2016) and are used to make the silk for the cocoon. (Source7). The Mongolian mulberry fruits are edible to humans.
Chemical Properties
The mullberry genus Morus has m. Morus mongolica is specifically known to have multiple flavinoid compounds. (AntiMicrobial 18, Four found, Diels-Alder, ) (source NIBH 2-7). Some of these are found in the leaves, whereas some are found in the root bark. ()
See also
Morus (genus)
Morus Alba
References
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/421099#page/303/mode/1up
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-50064861
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006382
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4256364?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents (edibility, how it’s eaten [as a mature fruit])
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X10000882
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15636183 Chem
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11418-016-1004-2
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=405221
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24617
.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433829/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5494030/ (silkworm, economic importance)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649933/ (edible, significance in Mongolia)
Morus mongolica
Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneider[1][2][3], also described as Morus alba var. mongolica (L.) Bureau[4] is a woody plant native to mountain forests in Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan[1][5]. Common names for Morus mongolica include Mongolian mulberry, meng sang (China)[5], and ilama by native people in the namesake region of Mongolia[6]. Similar to Morus notabilis (L.) C. K. Schneid., Morus mongolica is an uncultivated (wild, undomesticated) mulberry[7].
Description





Morus mongolica is a perennial woody tree. Its native range is the mountains of Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan[1][5]. The mature Morus mongolica grows to about 8 meters in height (about 26 feet). The leaves of the tree are palmate, with mature dimensions ranging from 8cm-15cm in length and 5cm to 8cm in width[5].
The flowers occur in inflorescences, both male and female[1]. The male inflorescences are about 3-4 cm long and 7 mm wide, whereas the female inflorescences are about 2 cm long and 7mm wide; both of which have peduncles of about 1-1.5cm[1][5] . Both the male and the female flowers are in groups of fours: four sepals, four petals, four stamen (for male flowers) and four carpels (for female flowers)[1]. The tree blooms from March to April and fruits in April to May[5].
Fruits are aggregate, and are dull red to black in color[1]. Each cluster is about 1-3 cm long with a 1 cm diameter, with the individual drupelets about 3mm in diameter[1].
Uses
Ecological
Morus mongolica can be used for some of its ecological properties[6][7][8][9]. The leaves are eaten and digested by silkworms[8], and the proteins are used by the silkworms for the production of cocoon silk[7]. The fruits of Morus mongolica are edible, and are eaten by humans[6][9].
Chemical
Morus mongolica is known to have multiple flavonoid and phenolic compounds[10][11][12][13]. These compounds can be found in the fruits[12], leaves[11], and bark[14].
As Lumber
The wood of the Morus mongolica plant has also been mentioned by M. K. Seth in 2003 to be of possible use for biofuel, among other soft wood trees[15].
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sargent, Charles Sprague; Wilson, Ernest Henry (1913). Plantae Wilsonianae :an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 /by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. Cambridge :: The University press,.
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Zhekun, Zhou; Gilbert, Michael (2003). "Moraceae" (PDF). Flora of China. 5. Harvard University: 21–73 – via efloras.org, Missouri Botanical Gardens.
- ^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneid". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus alba (L.) var. mongolica Bureau". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f "Morus mongolica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
- ^ a b c Soyolt; Galsannorbu; Yongping; Wunenbayar; Liu, Guohou; Khasbagan (2013-04-24). "Wild plant folk nomenclature of the Mongol herdsmen in the Arhorchin national nature reserve, Inner Mongolia, PR China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 30. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-30. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3649933. PMID 23628479.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Li, Q. L.; Guo, J. Z.; Yan, N.; Li, C. C. (2016-10-17). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of cultivated Morus L. species". Genetics and molecular research: GMR. 15 (4). doi:10.4238/gmr15048906. ISSN 1676-5680. PMID 27813600.
- ^ a b Niemelä, Pekka; Tuomi, Juha (1987). "Does the Leaf Morphology of Some Plants Mimic Caterpillar Damage?". Oikos. 50 (2): 256–257. doi:10.2307/3566009. ISSN 0030-1299.
- ^ a b Khasbagan; Huai, Hu-Yin; Pei, Sheng-Ji (2000). "Wild Plants in the Diet of Arhorchin Mongol Herdsmen in Inner Mongolia". Economic Botany. 54 (4): 528–536. ISSN 0013-0001.
- ^ Sohn, H. Y.; Son, K. H.; Kwon, C. S.; Kwon, G. S.; Kang, S. S. (2004-11). "Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai". Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 11 (7–8): 666–672. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.005 (inactive https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.005). ISSN 0944-7113. PMID 15636183 – via PubMED.gov, Elsevier Science Direct.
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- ^ a b Zhang, Xiao-Qi; Jing, Ying; Wang, Guo-Cai; Wang, Ying; Zhao, Hui-Nan; Ye, Wen-Cai (October 2010). "Four new flavonoids from the leaves of Morus mongolica". Fitoterapia. 81 (7): 813–815. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.010. ISSN 0367-326X.
- ^ a b Chen, Hu; Yu, Wansha; Chen, Guo; Meng, Shuai; Xiang, Zhonghuai; He, Ningjia (December 21, 2017). "Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries". Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry. 23 (1) (published January 2018). doi:10.3390/molecules23010004. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 5943937. PMID 29267231.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Huang, Lian; Fuchino, Hiroyuki; Kawahara, Nobuo; Narukawa, Yuji; Hada, Noriyasu; Kiuchi, Fumiyuki (2016-10). "Application of a new method, orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to screening of prostaglandin E2 production inhibitory flavonoids in Scutellaria Root". Journal of Natural Medicines. 70 (4): 731–739. doi:10.1007/s11418-016-1004-2. ISSN 1340-3443.
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(help) - ^ Shi, Ya-Qin; Fukai, Toshio; Sakagami, Hiroshi; Chang, Wen-Jin; Yang, Pei-Quan; Wang, Feng-Peng; Nomura, Taro (2001-2). "Cytotoxic Flavonoids with Isoprenoid Groups from Morus mongolica". Journal of Natural Products. 64 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1021/np000317c. ISSN 0163-3864.
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(help) - ^ Seth, M. K. (2003). "Trees and Their Economic Importance". Botanical Review. 69 (4): 321–376. ISSN 0006-8101.
See also
Further Reading
https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Morus_mongolica
http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-50064861
https://doi.org/10.1600/036364412X635485
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11418-016-1004-2
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=405221
https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24617
.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4433829/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5943937/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5494030/ (silkworm, economic importance)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649933/ (edible, significance in Mongolia)
- ^ Zeng, Qiwei; Chen, Hongyu; Zhang, Chao; Han, Minjing; Li, Tian; Qi, Xiwu; Xiang, Zhonghuai; He, Ningjia (2015-08-12). Xu, Changjie (ed.). "Definition of Eight Mulberry Species in the Genus Morus by Internal Transcribed Spacer-Based Phylogeny". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0135411. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135411. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4534381. PMID 26266951.
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: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)