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Original author(s)Willow Garage
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Initial release2007; 18 years ago (2007)
Stable release
Melodic Morenia[1] / 23 May 2018; 7 years ago (2018-05-23)
Written inC++, Python, or Lisp
Operating systemLinux, MacOS (experimental), Windows 10
TypeRobotics suite, OS, library
LicenseBSD license
Websitewww.ros.org

Robot Operating System (ROS or ros) is robotics middleware (i.e. collection of software frameworks for robot software development). Although ROS is not an operating system, it provides services designed for a heterogeneous computer cluster such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator, and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS itself is not a real-time OS (RTOS). It is possible, however, to integrate ROS with real-time code.[2] The lack of support for real-time systems has been addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0.[3][4][5]

Software in the ROS Ecosystem[6] can be separated into three groups:

  • language-and platform-independent tools used for building and distributing ROS-based software;
  • ROS client library implementations such as roscpp,[7] rospy,[8] and roslisp;[9]
  • packages containing application-related code which uses one or more ROS client libraries.[10]

Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.

The main ROS client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows are designated "Experimental" and are supported by the community.[11] The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS.[12] rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.[13] A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser. In September 2018 Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10.

History and milestones

 Comment: This section should be rewritten narratively.

 Comment: Also, a section on ROS2 should be added to the end.

 Comment: The first lego storm citation may not be accurate.

2007

ROS was started by borrowing the best practices from many early open source robotic software frameworks including switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot STAIR (STanford AI Robot) project.[14][15] In January of 2007 Willow Garage hired their first employees: Jonathan Stark, Melonee Wise, Curt Meyers, and John Hsu. By the seventh of November, 2007, the first commit of ROS code was made to SourceForge[16]

2008

Development was performed primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research lab, when Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek,[17] the founders of the Stanford Personal Robotics Program,[18] left Stanford to start the Personal Robotics Program at Willow Garage.[19] During that time, researchers at more than twenty institutions collaborated with Willow Garage engineers in a federated development model.[20][21]

2009

ROS 0.4 Mango Tengo was released on February 10th, 2009. On February 16th of the same year, RVIZ's first version of documentation released. The first published paper on ROS was published on May 12th, 2009: ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System(Authors: Morgan Quigley, Ken Conley, Brian Gerkey, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Y Ng)[21] ROS.org domain was put up on the web on August 16th.[22] Later that year, the first ROS Tutorial was published on December 12th.[23]

2010

ROS 1.0 was released on January 22, 2010. In the same year, the first autonomous car running ROS was announced on March 30th by UT Austin and Austin Robotic Technology. [24] Then, on May 5th, 2010 Willow Garage awarded PR2 Robots to 11 different institutions University of Freiburg (Germany), Bosch, Georgia Tech, KU Leuven (Belgium), MIT, Stanford, TU Munich (Germany), UC Berkeley, U Penn, USC, and University of Tokyo (Japan).

The first drone using ROS, from GRASP Lab at U Penn was announced on weeks later, on May 29th.[25] By August 19th, ROS on was first used on Lego Mindstorms.[26] On September 9th, 2010, PR2 robots were made available for commercial purchase for the first time.[27]

2011

2011 saw the introduction of many staples of ROS. The first public appearance of TurtleBot occurred on January 26th, at the Homebrew Robotics Club. ROS Answers, a Q/A forum for ROS users, was introduced on February 15th.[28] On April 18th Willow Garage officially announced the TurtleBot, a hobbyist personal robot kit.[29] On May 5th ROS, surpassed 100 repositories.[30] The 100th repository was rl-texplore-ros-pkg from the University of Texas at Austin The first pure Java implementation of ROS was announced at Google I/O on May 11th, 2011.[31] The 4th anniversary of ROS and video compilation was published on November 8th.[32]

2012

On April 16,2012 Willow Garage created the Open Source Robotics Foundation[33]. The next day on April 17 DARPA awarded a software contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation[34] On May 19, the First ROSCon is held in Saint Paul, MN[35] On September 4, 2012 the first book on ROS was published. ROS By Example, by Patrick Goebel[36] The same month, the first commercial robot based on ROS released by Rethink Robotics[37] Novermber 7 , 2012 marked the five year anniversary of ROS. [38] Finally, on December 3, 2012 ROS began running on every continent[39]

2013

In February 2013 the Open Source Robotics Foundation became the primary maintainers of ROS.[40] On March 12th ROS Answers met the milestone of 10,000 answers.[41] ROSCon 2013 was hosted May 11th to May 12th in Stuttgart, Germany. On June 18th the Virtual Robotics Challenge (virtual stage of DARPA Robotics Challenge) took place. In August 2013, Willow Garage announced in a blog post[42] it would be absorbed into another company owned by its founders, Suitable Technologies. On December 3rd Ros.org was released.[43]

2014

ClearPath Robotics took over support responsibilities for the PR2 by Willow Garage on January 15th, 2014.[44] On February 7th, 2014 ROS Answers reached a milestone 15,000 Questions.[45] The first international ROS user group meeting took place on June 6th called ROS Kong[citation needed]. On September 1st, NASA announced the first robot to run ROS in space: Robotnaut 2 on the International Space Station.[46] ROSCon 2014 took place in Chicago from September 12th to the 13ths. At ROSCon 2014, industry attendees surpassed academia attendees for the first time. [47] On December 21st the first Korean ROS Meetup took place.[48]

2015

On June 6th DARPA Robotics Challenge took place. Of which out of the 23 DRC Finals teams, 18 teams used ROS and 14 teams use Gazebo.[49] The first ROS Summer School reported on July 23rd.[50] ROSCon 2015 took place on October 3rd. ROS 2 Alpha is released on November 3rd. The eighth anniversary of ROS was on November 7th.[51] On September 9th The Construct Launched ROS Development Studio. A cloud-based service for ROS to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications.[52] The book Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System is released on December 25th.[53]

2016

The First Danish ROS meetup occurred on February 18th, 2016.[54] The Second ROS Summer School in China was announced on July 22nd.[55] On September 1st, 2016, Construct[56] launched the Robot Ignite Academy. The cloud-based academy uses ROS and Gazebo to teach ROS Online.[57] OSRF announced collaboration with Toyota Research Institute on September 15th.[58] On October 7th Bosch provided money for a full-time position at OSRF.[59]

2017

On March 21st 2017, the first Ukrainian ROS Meetup was held.[60] Open Source Robotics Foundation changed its name to Open Robotics on May 16th, 2017.[61] The third ROS Summer School in China is announced on July 22nd.[62] ROSCon 2017 took place on September 21st.[63]

2018

ROS Melodic Morenia is released on May 23rd, 2018[64] The first ROS Developer Conference is held from July 7th to the 8th for developers to learn from experts on how to program with ROS.[65] On September 28th Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10. ROSCon 2018 is held in Madrid on September 29th. Amazon launched AWS RoboMaker on November 26th, a cloud-based service to allow developers a place to develop and test robotic applications.

Concepts and Construction

 Comment: Create new section explaining computation graph, nodes, topics, etc.

 Comment: Also emphasize the decentralized, tool-oriented nature of ROS, like GNU.

ROS Tools

 Comment: Do a final pass on the writing here.

ROS's core functionality is augmented by a variety of tools which allow developers to visualize and record data, easily navigate the ROS package structures, and create scripts automating complex configuration and setup processes. The addition of these tools greatly increases the capabilities of systems using ROS by simplifying and providing solutions to a number of common robotics development. These tools are provided in packages like any other, but rather than providing implementations of hardware drivers or algorithms for various robotic tasks, these packages provide task and robot-agnostic tools which most developers use as a matter of course.

rviz

rviz[66] is a three-dimensional visualizer used to visualize robots, the environments they work in, and sensor data. It is an highly configurable tool, with many different types of visualizations and plugins.

rosbag

rosbag[67] is a command line tool used to record and playback ROS message data. rosbag uses a file format called bags[68], which log ROS messages by listening to topics and recording messages as they come in. Playing messages back from a bag is largely the same as having the original nodes which produced the data in the ROS computation graph, making bags a useful tool for recording data to be used in later development. While rosbag is a command line only tool, rqt_bag[69] provides a GUI interface to rosbag.

rosbash

The rosbash[70] package provides a suite of tools which augment the functionality of the bash shell. These tools include rosls, roscd, and roscp, which replicate the functionalities of ls, cd, and cp respectively. The ROS versions of these tools allow users to use ros package names in place of the filepath where the package is located. The package also adds tab-completion to most ROS utilities, and includes rosed, which edits a given file with the chosen default text editor, as well rosrun, which runs executes in ROS packages. rosbash supports the same functionalities for zsh and tcsh, to a lesser extent.

roslaunch

roslaunch[71] is a tool used to launch multiple ROS nodes both locally and remotely, as well as setting parameters on the ROS parameter server. roslaunch configuration files, which are written using XML can easily automate a complex startup and configuration process into a single command. roslaunch scripts can include other roslaunch scripts, launch nodes on specific machines, and even restart processes which die during execution.

ROS Packages

 Comment: Highlight important and standard packages, things like actionlib, nodelets, cv_bridge, gmapping, amcl.

Applications

ROS areas include:

  • a master coordination node
  • publishing or subscribing to data streams: images, stereo, laser, control, actuator, contact sensor, etc.
  • multiplexing information
  • node creation and destruction
  • nodes are seamlessly distributed, allowing distributed operation over multi-core, multi-processor, GPUs, and clusters
  • logging
  • parameter server
  • test systems

ROS package application areas will include:

ROS-Industrial

 Comment: Move to History Section and edit.

ROS-Industrial[72] is an open-source project (BSD (legacy) / Apache 2.0 (preferred) license) that extends the advanced capabilities of ROS to manufacturing automation and robotics. The ROS-Industrial repository includes interfaces for common industrial manipulators, grippers, sensors, and device networks. It also provides software libraries for automatic 2D/3D sensor calibration, process path/motion planning, applications like Scan-N-Plan, developer tools like the Qt Creator ROS Plugin, and training curriculum that is specific to the needs of manufacturers. ROS-I is supported by an international Consortium of industry and research members. The project began as a collaborative endeavor between Yaskawa Motoman Robotics, Southwest Research Institute, and Willow Garage to support the use of ROS for manufacturing automation, with the GitHub repository being founded in January 2012 by Shaun Edwards (SwRI). Currently, the Consortium is divided into three groups; the ROS-Industrial Consortium Americas (led by SwRI and located in San Antonio, Texas), the ROS-Industrial Consortium Europe (led by Fraunhofer IPA and located in Stuttgart, Germany) and the ROS-Industrial Consortium Asia Pacific (led by Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and located in Singapore).

The Consortia supports the global ROS-Industrial community by conducting ROS-I training, providing technical support and setting the future roadmap for ROS-I, as well as conducting pre-competitive joint industry projects to develop new ROS-I capabilities.[73]

Version history

 Comment: Update this table with more accurate descriptions than "old version", add ROS N, and move to history section

 Comment: Also add a table for ROS2 versions.


ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. The major releases so far are:

Distro Release date Poster EOL date
Melodic Morenia May 23, 2018 File:Melodic Morenia.png Latest version: 2023-05-30
Lunar Loggerhead May 23, 2017 Latest version: 2019-05-30
Kinetic Kame May 23, 2016 Latest version: 2021-05-30
Jade Turtle May 23, 2015 Unsupported: 2017-05-30
Indigo Igloo July 22, 2014 Supported: 2019-04-30
Hydro Medusa September 4, 2013 Unsupported: 2014-05-31
Groovy Galapagos December 31, 2012 Unsupported: 2014-07-31
Fuerte Turtle April 23, 2012 Unsupported: --
Electric Emys August 30, 2011 Unsupported: --
Diamondback March 2, 2011 Unsupported: --
C Turtle August 2, 2010 Unsupported: --
Box Turtle March 2, 2010 Unsupported: --
Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
Future version

Ports to robots and boards

 Comment: Split into robot and board ports, expand, and provide pictures of robots if possible.

  • ABB, Adept, Fanuc, Motoman, and Universal Robots are supported by ROS-Industrial[74]
  • Baxter[75] at Rethink Robotics, Inc.
  • BeagleBoard. The robotics lab of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium[76] has ported ROS to the Beagleboard
  • HERB[77] developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Intel's personal robotics program
  • Husky A200 robot developed (and integrated into ROS) by Clearpath Robotics[78]
  • PR1 personal robot developed in Ken Salisbury's lab at Stanford[79]
  • PR2 personal robot being developed at Willow Garage[80]
  • Raven II Surgical Robotic Research Platform[81][82]
  • rosbridge protocol and server[83] Brown University[84] developed the rosbridge protocol to enable any robot or computing environment to integrate with ROS using JSON-based messaging, such as for common web browsers, Matlab, Microsoft Windows, OS X, and embedded systems
  • Shadow Robot Hand[85] – A fully dexterous humanoid hand.
  • STAIR I and II[86] robots developed in Andrew Ng's lab at Stanford
  • SummitXL:[87] Mobile robot developed by Robotnik, an engineering company specialized in mobile robots, robotic arms, and industrial solutions with ROS architecture.
  • Nao[88] humanoid: University of Freiburg's Humanoid Robots Lab[89] developed a ROS integration for the Nao humanoid based on an initial port by Brown University[84][90]
  • UBR1[91][92] developed by Unbounded Robotics, a spin-off of Willow Garage.
  • Raspberry Pi: image of ubuntu Mate with ROS[93] by Ubiquity Robotics; installation guide for Raspbian[94]
  • ROSbot: autonomous robot platform by Husarion[95]
  • Webots: robot simulator integrating a complete ROS programming interface[96].

ROS packages

ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github.

See also

References

  1. ^ "ROS Melodic Morenia". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  2. ^ ROS-Introduction http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Introduction
  3. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Proposal for Implementation of Real-time Systems in ROS 2". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  4. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Realtime Design Guidelines For ROS 2". design.ROS2.org. ROS2. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  5. ^ "ROS 2 For Realtime Applications". discourse.ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  6. ^ "Browsing packages for indigo". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  7. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  8. ^ "Package SUmmary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  10. ^ "client libraries". ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  11. ^ "ROS/Installation - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  12. ^ "android - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Robot Operating System (ROS) Support from MATLAB - Hardware Support". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  14. ^ "STAIR". stair.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  15. ^ Quigley, Morgan; Berger, Eric; Ng, Andrew Y. (2007), STAIR: Hardware and Software Architecture (PDF), AAAI 2007 Robotics Workshop
  16. ^ "Repository: code". Sourceforge.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  17. ^ "The Origin Story of ROS, the Linux of Robotics". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.stanford.edu. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  19. ^ "Robot Operating System". EngineerJobs Magazine. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Repositories". ROS.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  21. ^ a b Quigley, Morgan; Gerkey, Brian; Conley, Ken; Faust, Josh; Foote, Tully; Leibs, Jeremy; Berger, Eric; Wheeler, Rob; Ng, Andrew. "ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  22. ^ "Welcome to ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  23. ^ "ROS Tutorials and Turtles - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  24. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Marvin autonomous car (Austin Robot Technology/UT Austin) - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  25. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Penn Quadrotors - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  26. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Lego NXT - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  27. ^ "PR2 Robots Available for Purchase". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  28. ^ "Announcing ROS Answers - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  29. ^ "ROS on the Move: TurtleBots available for preorder - Willow Garage". www.WillowGarage.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  30. ^ "100 Repositories - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  31. ^ "Google I/O 2011: Cloud Robotics, ROS for Java and Android - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  32. ^ "Celebrating the fourth anniversary of ROS... and the First ROSCon 2012 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  33. ^ "Willow Garage Spins Out OSRF". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ "DARPA Awards Simulation Software Contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation". {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  35. ^ "Thanks for a great ROSCon 2012! - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  36. ^ "New Book: ROS by Example - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  37. ^ "Rethink ROS - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  38. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  39. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  40. ^ "Osrf - Ros @ Osrf". Osrfoundation.org. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  41. ^ "10,000 Questions Asked on ROS Answers". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  42. ^ "employees join Suitable Technologies". Willow Garage. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  43. ^ "A new www.ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  44. ^ "Clearpath Welcomes PR2 to the Family". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  45. ^ "ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  46. ^ "ROS running on ISS - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  47. ^ "Program - ROSCon 2014". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  48. ^ ROS meetup in Korea
  49. ^ "ROS and Gazebo at DRC Finals". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ "Report from first ROS Summer School in China - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  51. ^ "ROS Turns 8 - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  52. ^ "ROS Development Studio". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  53. ^ "Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System". OReilly.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  54. ^ "First Danish ROS Meetup". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  55. ^ "ROS Summer School in China 2016, July 22-28 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  56. ^ "The Construct".
  57. ^ "ROS Robot Ignite Academy".
  58. ^ "OSRF Collaboration with TRI". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  59. ^ "Bosch Underwrites Full-Time Position at OSRF". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ "First Ukrainian ROS Meetup". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  61. ^ "Welcome to Open Robotics". www.OSRFoundation.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  62. ^ "ROS Summer School in China, July 22-28, 2017". Discourse.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  63. ^ "ROSCon 2017". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  64. ^ "melodic - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  65. ^ "ROSDevCon2018".
  66. ^ "rviz - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  67. ^ "rosbag - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  68. ^ "Bags - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  69. ^ "rqt_bag - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  70. ^ "rosbash - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  71. ^ "roslaunch - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  72. ^ "ROS-Industrial About". rosindustrial.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  73. ^ "Brief History". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  74. ^ "Home". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  75. ^ Baxter http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/products/baxter-research-robot/baxter-research-robot-qa/
  76. ^ K U leuven http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/%7Eu0062536/embsensor.html
  77. ^ "CMU Personal Robotics Lab". personalrobotics.Intel-Research.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  78. ^ "Husky UGV - Outdoor Field Research Robot by Clearpath". ClearPathRobotics.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  79. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  80. ^ PR2
  81. ^ B. Hannaford, J. Rosen, Diana CW Friedman, H. King, P. Roan, L. Cheng, D. Glozman, J. Ma, S.N. Kosari, L. White, 'Raven-II: AN Open Platform for Surgical Robotics Research,' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 60, pp. 954-959, April 2013.
  82. ^ "BioRobotics Laboratory | Biorobotics Laboratory - University of Washington". Brl.ee.washington.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  83. ^ rosbridge protocol and server http://www.ros.org/wiki/rosbridge
  84. ^ a b brown-robotics http://brown-robotics.org/
  85. ^ SDH
  86. ^ STAIR I and II http://stair.stanford.edu/index.php
  87. ^ "Summit XL - Robotnik". Robotnik.es. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  88. ^ "nao - ROS Wiki". Ros.org. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  89. ^ Humanoid Robots Lab http://hrl.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/
  90. ^ G.T. Jay, Post to ros-users mailing list announcing ROS support for the Nao
  91. ^ "Specification". Unbounded Robotics. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  92. ^ Ackerman, Evan (21 October 2013). "UBR-1 Robot From Unbounded Robotics Revolutionizes Affordable Mobile Manipulation - IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  93. ^ "Ubiquity Robotics Downloads". Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  94. ^ "ROSberryPi/Installing ROS Kinetic on the Raspberry Pi". Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  95. ^ Husarion ROSbot manual
  96. ^ "Using ROS with Webots". Retrieved 18 May 2018.
Notes
  • STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008.

Category:2007 in robotics Category:2007 software Category:Computer vision software Category:Free software operating systems Category:Open-source robots Category:Robot operating systems manipulation Category:Robotics suites

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