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Original author(s)Willow Garage
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Initial release2007; 18 years ago (2007)
Stable release
Melodic Morenia[1] / 23 May 2018; 7 years ago (2018-05-23)
Written inC++, Python, or Lisp
Operating systemLinux, MacOS (experimental), Windows 10
TypeRobotics suite, OS, library
LicenseBSD license
Websitewww.ros.org

Robot Operating System (ROS or ros) is robotics middleware (i.e. collection of software frameworks for robot software development). Although ROS is not an operating system, it provides services designed for a heterogeneous computer cluster such as hardware abstraction, low-level device control, implementation of commonly used functionality, message-passing between processes, and package management. Running sets of ROS-based processes are represented in a graph architecture where processing takes place in nodes that may receive, post and multiplex sensor, control, state, planning, actuator, and other messages. Despite the importance of reactivity and low latency in robot control, ROS itself is not a real-time OS (RTOS). It is possible, however, to integrate ROS with real-time code.[2] The lack of support for real-time systems has been addressed in the creation of ROS 2.0.[3][4][5]

Software in the ROS Ecosystem[6] can be separated into three groups:

  • language-and platform-independent tools used for building and distributing ROS-based software;
  • ROS client library implementations such as roscpp,[7] rospy,[8] and roslisp;[9]
  • packages containing application-related code which uses one or more ROS client libraries.[10]

Both the language-independent tools and the main client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are released under the terms of the BSD license, and as such are open source software and free for both commercial and research use. The majority of other packages are licensed under a variety of open source licenses. These other packages implement commonly used functionality and applications such as hardware drivers, robot models, datatypes, planning, perception, simultaneous localization and mapping, simulation tools, and other algorithms.

The main ROS client libraries (C++, Python, and Lisp) are geared toward a Unix-like system, primarily because of their dependence on large collections of open-source software dependencies. For these client libraries, Ubuntu Linux is listed as "Supported" while other variants such as Fedora Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows are designated "Experimental" and are supported by the community.[11] The native Java ROS client library, rosjava, however, does not share these limitations and has enabled ROS-based software to be written for the Android OS.[12] rosjava has also enabled ROS to be integrated into an officially supported MATLAB toolbox which can be used on Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.[13] A JavaScript client library, roslibjs has also been developed which enables integration of software into a ROS system via any standards-compliant web browser. In September 2018 Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10.

History and milestones

 Comment: This section should be rewritten narratively.

 Comment: Also, a section on ROS2 should be added to the end.

 Comment: The first lego storm citation may not be accurate.

2007

  • ROS was started by borrowing the best practices from many early open source robotic software frameworks including switchyard by the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in support of the Stanford AI Robot STAIR (STanford AI Robot) project.[14][15]
  • On January Willow Garage hires their first employees: Jonathan Stark, Melonee Wise, Curt Meyers, and John Hsu.
  • First commit of ROS code to SourceForge on November 7th[16]

2008

  • Development was performed primarily at Willow Garage, a robotics research lab, when Eric Berger and Keenan Wyrobek,[17] the founders of the Stanford Personal Robotics Program,[18] left Stanford to start the Personal Robotics Program at Willow Garage.[19] During that time, researchers at more than twenty institutions collaborated with Willow Garage engineers in a federated development model.[20][21]

2009

  • ROS 0.4 Mango Tengo was released on February 10th.
  • On February 16th RVIZ's first version of documentation released.
  • The first published paper on ROS is published: ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System on May 12th (Authors: Morgan Quigley, Ken Conley, Brian Gerkey, Josh Faust, Tully Foote, Jeremy Leibs, Rob Wheeler, Andrew Y Ng)[21]
  • ROS.org domain is put up on the web on August 16th.[22]
  • The first ROS Tutorial is published on December 12th.[23]

2010

2011

  • The first public appearance of TurtleBot occurred on January 26th, at the Homebrew Robotics Club.
  • ROS Answers is introduced on February 15th a Q/A Forum for ROS users.[28]
  • On April 18th Willow Garage announces TurtleBot a hobbyist personal robot kit.[29]
  • On May 5th ROS surpasses 100 repositories.[30]
  • The first pure Java implementation of ROS announced at Google I/O on May 11th.[31]
  • The 4th anniversary of ROS and video compilation published on November 8th.[32]

2012

  • 4/16/2012: Willow Garage spins out Open Source Robotics Foundation[33]
  • 4/17/2012: DARPA awards software contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation[34]
  • 5/19–20/2012: First ROSCon held in Saint Paul, MN[35]
  • 9/4/2012: First book on ROS published. ROS By Example, by Patrick Goebel[36]
  • 9/17/2012: First commercial robot based on ROS released by Rethink Robotics[37]
  • 11/7/2012: Five year anniversary of ROS, with video compilation[38]
  • 12/3/2012: ROS now running on every continent[39]

2013

  • February 2013, ROS stewardship transitioned to the Open Source Robotics Foundation.[40]
  • 3/12/2013: 10,000 questions asked on ROS Answers[41]
  • 5/11-12/2013: ROSCon 2013 takes place in Stuttgart, Germany
  • 6/18/2013: Virtual Robotics Challenge takes place, the virtual stage of the DARPA Robotics Challenge
  • August 2013, a blog posting[42] announced that Willow Garage would be absorbed by another company started by its founder, Suitable Technologies.
  • 12/3/2013: ROS.org released[43]

2014

  • 1/15/2014: Support responsibilities for the PR2 created by Willow Garage taken over by Clearpath Robotics[44]
  • 2/7/2014: ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions[45]
  • 6/6/2014: ROS Kong, the first international ROS user group meeting
  • 9/1/2014: First robot in space running on ROS, the Robonaut 2 on the International Space Station[46]
  • 9/12–13/2014: ROSCon 2014 takes place in Chicago. Program here.[47]
    • Industry attendees surpass academia attendees for first time
  • 12/21/2014: First ROS meetup in Korea[48]

2015

  • 6/9/2015: DARPA Robotics Challenge takes place. Out of the 23 DRC Finals teams, 18 teams use ROS and 14 teams use Gazebo[49]
  • 7/23/2015: First ROS Summer School in China[50]
  • 10/3/2015: ROSCon 2015.
  • 11/3/2015: ROS 2 Alpha released
  • 11/7/2015: Eighth anniversary of ROS, and video compilation[51]
  • 09/09/2015 The Construct[52] Launched ROS Development Studio. The cloud-based service utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications. [53]
  • 12/25/2015: Book release: Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System[54]

2016

  • 2/18/2016: First Danish ROS meetup[55]
  • 7/22/2016: Second ROS Summer School in China[56]
  • 9/01/2016: The Construct [57] Launched Robot Ignite Academy. The cloud based academy utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) and Gazebo to teach ROS online [58]
  • 9/15/2016: OSRF announces collaboration with Toyota Research Institute[59]
  • 10/7/2016: Bosch underwrites full-time position at OSRF[60]

2017

  • 3/21/2017: First Ukrainian ROS Meetup[61]
  • 5/16/2017: Open Source Robotics Foundation changed its name to Open Robotics.[62]
  • 7/22/2017: Third ROS Summer School in China[63]
  • 9/21/2017: ROSCon 2017. Program here.[64]

2018

  • 5/23/2018: ROS Melodic Morenia[65]
  • 7-8/07/2018: First ROS Developers Conference (ROSDevCon). The worldwide Online conference for developers to learn from experts how to program robots with ROS[66]
  • 9/28/2018: Microsoft ported Core ROS to Windows 10
  • 9/29/2018: ROSCon 2018 in Madrid.
  • 11/26/2018: Amazon launches AWS RoboMaker. The cloud-based service utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) to offer developers a place to develop and test robotics applications.

Concepts and Construction

 Comment: Create new section explaining computation graph, nodes, topics, etc.

 Comment: Also emphasize the decentralized, tool-oriented nature of ROS, like GNU.

ROS Tools

 Comment: Do a final pass on the writing here.

ROS's core functionality is augmented by a variety of tools which allow developers to visualize and record data, easily navigate the ROS package structures, and create scripts automating complex configuration and setup processes. The addition of these tools greatly increases the capabilities of systems using ROS by simplifying and providing solutions to a number of common robotics development.

rviz

rviz[67] is a three-dimensional visualizer used to visualize robots, the environments they work in, and sensor data. It is an highly configurable tool, with many different types of visualizations and plugins.

rosbag

rosbag[68] is a command line tool used to record and playback ROS message data. rosbag uses a file format called bags[69], which log ROS messages by listening to topics and recording messages as they come in. Playing messages back from a bag is largely the same as having the original nodes which produced the data in the ROS computation graph, making bags a useful tool for recording data to be used in later development. While rosbag is a command line only tool, rqt_bag[70] provides a GUI interface to rosbag.

rosbash

The rosbash[71] package provides a suite of tools which augment the functionality of the bash shell. These tools include rosls, roscd, and roscp, which replicate the functionalities of ls, cd, and cp respectively. The ROS versions of these tools allow users to use ros package names in place of the filepath where the package is located. The package also adds tab-completion to most ROS utilities, and includes rosed, which edits a given file with the chosen default text editor, as well rosrun, which runs executes in ROS packages. rosbash supports the same functionalities for zsh and tcsh, to a lesser extent.

roslaunch

roslaunch[72] is a tool used to launch multiple ROS nodes both locally and remotely, as well as setting parameters on the ROS parameter server. roslaunch configuration files, which are written using XML can easily automate a complex startup and configuration process into a single command. roslaunch scripts can include other roslaunch scripts, launch nodes on specific machines, and even restart processes which die during execution.

ROS Packages

 Comment: Highlight important and standard packages, things like actionlib, nodelets, cv_bridge, gmapping, amcl.

Applications

ROS areas include:

  • a master coordination node
  • publishing or subscribing to data streams: images, stereo, laser, control, actuator, contact sensor, etc.
  • multiplexing information
  • node creation and destruction
  • nodes are seamlessly distributed, allowing distributed operation over multi-core, multi-processor, GPUs, and clusters
  • logging
  • parameter server
  • test systems

ROS package application areas will include:

ROS-Industrial

 Comment: Move to History Section and edit.

ROS-Industrial[73] is an open-source project (BSD (legacy) / Apache 2.0 (preferred) license) that extends the advanced capabilities of ROS to manufacturing automation and robotics. The ROS-Industrial repository includes interfaces for common industrial manipulators, grippers, sensors, and device networks. It also provides software libraries for automatic 2D/3D sensor calibration, process path/motion planning, applications like Scan-N-Plan, developer tools like the Qt Creator ROS Plugin, and training curriculum that is specific to the needs of manufacturers. ROS-I is supported by an international Consortium of industry and research members. The project began as a collaborative endeavor between Yaskawa Motoman Robotics, Southwest Research Institute, and Willow Garage to support the use of ROS for manufacturing automation, with the GitHub repository being founded in January 2012 by Shaun Edwards (SwRI). Currently, the Consortium is divided into three groups; the ROS-Industrial Consortium Americas (led by SwRI and located in San Antonio, Texas), the ROS-Industrial Consortium Europe (led by Fraunhofer IPA and located in Stuttgart, Germany) and the ROS-Industrial Consortium Asia Pacific (led by Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre (ARTC) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and located in Singapore).

The Consortia supports the global ROS-Industrial community by conducting ROS-I training, providing technical support and setting the future roadmap for ROS-I, as well as conducting pre-competitive joint industry projects to develop new ROS-I capabilities.[74]

Version history

 Comment: Update this table with more accurate descriptions than "old version", add ROS N, and move to history section

 Comment: Also add a table for ROS2 versions.


ROS releases may be incompatible with other releases and are often referred to by code name rather than version number. The major releases so far are:

Distro Release date Poster EOL date
Melodic Morenia May 23, 2018 File:Melodic Morenia.png Latest version: 2023-05-30
Lunar Loggerhead May 23, 2017 Latest version: 2019-05-30
Kinetic Kame May 23, 2016 Latest version: 2021-05-30
Jade Turtle May 23, 2015 Unsupported: 2017-05-30
Indigo Igloo July 22, 2014 Supported: 2019-04-30
Hydro Medusa September 4, 2013 Unsupported: 2014-05-31
Groovy Galapagos December 31, 2012 Unsupported: 2014-07-31
Fuerte Turtle April 23, 2012 Unsupported: --
Electric Emys August 30, 2011 Unsupported: --
Diamondback March 2, 2011 Unsupported: --
C Turtle August 2, 2010 Unsupported: --
Box Turtle March 2, 2010 Unsupported: --
Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
Future version

Ports to robots and boards

 Comment: Split into robot and board ports, expand, and provide pictures of robots if possible.

  • ABB, Adept, Fanuc, Motoman, and Universal Robots are supported by ROS-Industrial[75]
  • Baxter[76] at Rethink Robotics, Inc.
  • BeagleBoard. The robotics lab of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium[77] has ported ROS to the Beagleboard
  • HERB[78] developed at Carnegie Mellon University in Intel's personal robotics program
  • Husky A200 robot developed (and integrated into ROS) by Clearpath Robotics[79]
  • PR1 personal robot developed in Ken Salisbury's lab at Stanford[80]
  • PR2 personal robot being developed at Willow Garage[81]
  • Raven II Surgical Robotic Research Platform[82][83]
  • rosbridge protocol and server[84] Brown University[85] developed the rosbridge protocol to enable any robot or computing environment to integrate with ROS using JSON-based messaging, such as for common web browsers, Matlab, Microsoft Windows, OS X, and embedded systems
  • Shadow Robot Hand[86] – A fully dexterous humanoid hand.
  • STAIR I and II[87] robots developed in Andrew Ng's lab at Stanford
  • SummitXL:[88] Mobile robot developed by Robotnik, an engineering company specialized in mobile robots, robotic arms, and industrial solutions with ROS architecture.
  • Nao[89] humanoid: University of Freiburg's Humanoid Robots Lab[90] developed a ROS integration for the Nao humanoid based on an initial port by Brown University[85][91]
  • UBR1[92][93] developed by Unbounded Robotics, a spin-off of Willow Garage.
  • Raspberry Pi: image of ubuntu Mate with ROS[94] by Ubiquity Robotics; installation guide for Raspbian[95]
  • ROSbot: autonomous robot platform by Husarion[96]
  • Webots: robot simulator integrating a complete ROS programming interface[97].

ROS packages

ROS contains many open source implementations of common robotics functionality and algorithms. These open source implementations are organized into "packages". Many packages are included as part of ROS distributions, while others may be developed by individuals and distributed through code sharing sites such as github.

See also

References

  1. ^ "ROS Melodic Morenia". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  2. ^ ROS-Introduction http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Introduction
  3. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Proposal for Implementation of Real-time Systems in ROS 2". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  4. ^ Kay, Jackie. "Realtime Design Guidelines For ROS 2". design.ROS2.org. ROS2. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  5. ^ "ROS 2 For Realtime Applications". discourse.ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  6. ^ "Browsing packages for indigo". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  7. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  8. ^ "Package SUmmary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Package Summary". ROS.org. ROS. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  10. ^ "client libraries". ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  11. ^ "ROS/Installation - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 29 September 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  12. ^ "android - ROS Wiki". Wiki.ros.org. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  13. ^ "Robot Operating System (ROS) Support from MATLAB - Hardware Support". Mathworks.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  14. ^ "STAIR". stair.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  15. ^ Quigley, Morgan; Berger, Eric; Ng, Andrew Y. (2007), STAIR: Hardware and Software Architecture (PDF), AAAI 2007 Robotics Workshop
  16. ^ "Repository: code". Sourceforge.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  17. ^ "The Origin Story of ROS, the Linux of Robotics". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  18. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.stanford.edu. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  19. ^ "Robot Operating System". EngineerJobs Magazine. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  20. ^ "Repositories". ROS.org. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  21. ^ a b Quigley, Morgan; Gerkey, Brian; Conley, Ken; Faust, Josh; Foote, Tully; Leibs, Jeremy; Berger, Eric; Wheeler, Rob; Ng, Andrew. "ROS: an open-source Robot Operating System" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  22. ^ "Welcome to ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  23. ^ "ROS Tutorials and Turtles - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  24. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Marvin autonomous car (Austin Robot Technology/UT Austin) - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  25. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Penn Quadrotors - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  26. ^ "Robots Using ROS: Lego NXT - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  27. ^ "PR2 Robots Available for Purchase". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  28. ^ "Announcing ROS Answers - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  29. ^ "ROS on the Move: TurtleBots available for preorder - Willow Garage". www.WillowGarage.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  30. ^ "100 Repositories - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  31. ^ "Google I/O 2011: Cloud Robotics, ROS for Java and Android - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  32. ^ "Celebrating the fourth anniversary of ROS... and the First ROSCon 2012 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  33. ^ "Willow Garage Spins Out OSRF". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  34. ^ "DARPA Awards Simulation Software Contract to Open Source Robotics Foundation". {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  35. ^ "Thanks for a great ROSCon 2012! - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  36. ^ "New Book: ROS by Example - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  37. ^ "Rethink ROS - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  38. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  39. ^ "ROS: Five Years - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  40. ^ "Osrf - Ros @ Osrf". Osrfoundation.org. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  41. ^ "10,000 Questions Asked on ROS Answers". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  42. ^ "employees join Suitable Technologies". Willow Garage. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  43. ^ "A new www.ros.org - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  44. ^ "Clearpath Welcomes PR2 to the Family". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  45. ^ "ROS Answers Reaches 15,000 Questions". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  46. ^ "ROS running on ISS - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  47. ^ "Program - ROSCon 2014". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  48. ^ ROS meetup in Korea
  49. ^ "ROS and Gazebo at DRC Finals". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  50. ^ "Report from first ROS Summer School in China - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  51. ^ "ROS Turns 8 - ROS robotics news". www.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  52. ^ "The Construct".
  53. ^ "ROS Development Studio". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  54. ^ "Programming Robots with ROS: A Practical Introduction to the Robot Operating System". OReilly.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  55. ^ "First Danish ROS Meetup". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  56. ^ "ROS Summer School in China 2016, July 22-28 - ROS robotics news". www.ros.org. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  57. ^ "The Construct".
  58. ^ "ROS Robot Ignite Academy".
  59. ^ "OSRF Collaboration with TRI". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  60. ^ "Bosch Underwrites Full-Time Position at OSRF". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  61. ^ "First Ukrainian ROS Meetup". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  62. ^ "Welcome to Open Robotics". www.OSRFoundation.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  63. ^ "ROS Summer School in China, July 22-28, 2017". Discourse.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  64. ^ "ROSCon 2017". roscon.ROS.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  65. ^ "melodic - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  66. ^ "ROSDevCon2018".
  67. ^ "rviz - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  68. ^ "rosbag - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  69. ^ "Bags - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  70. ^ "rqt_bag - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. {{cite web}}: Text "access-date\2019-04-23" ignored (help)
  71. ^ "rosbash - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  72. ^ "roslaunch - ROS Wiki". wiki.ros.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  73. ^ "ROS-Industrial About". rosindustrial.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  74. ^ "Brief History". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  75. ^ "Home". ROS-Industrial. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  76. ^ Baxter http://www.rethinkrobotics.com/products/baxter-research-robot/baxter-research-robot-qa/
  77. ^ K U leuven http://people.mech.kuleuven.be/%7Eu0062536/embsensor.html
  78. ^ "CMU Personal Robotics Lab". personalrobotics.Intel-Research.net. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  79. ^ "Husky UGV - Outdoor Field Research Robot by Clearpath". ClearPathRobotics.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  80. ^ "Stanford Personal Robotics Program". personalrobotics.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  81. ^ PR2
  82. ^ B. Hannaford, J. Rosen, Diana CW Friedman, H. King, P. Roan, L. Cheng, D. Glozman, J. Ma, S.N. Kosari, L. White, 'Raven-II: AN Open Platform for Surgical Robotics Research,' IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 60, pp. 954-959, April 2013.
  83. ^ "BioRobotics Laboratory | Biorobotics Laboratory - University of Washington". Brl.ee.washington.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  84. ^ rosbridge protocol and server http://www.ros.org/wiki/rosbridge
  85. ^ a b brown-robotics http://brown-robotics.org/
  86. ^ SDH
  87. ^ STAIR I and II http://stair.stanford.edu/index.php
  88. ^ "Summit XL - Robotnik". Robotnik.es. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  89. ^ "nao - ROS Wiki". Ros.org. 28 October 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  90. ^ Humanoid Robots Lab http://hrl.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/
  91. ^ G.T. Jay, Post to ros-users mailing list announcing ROS support for the Nao
  92. ^ "Specification". Unbounded Robotics. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  93. ^ Ackerman, Evan (21 October 2013). "UBR-1 Robot From Unbounded Robotics Revolutionizes Affordable Mobile Manipulation - IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  94. ^ "Ubiquity Robotics Downloads". Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  95. ^ "ROSberryPi/Installing ROS Kinetic on the Raspberry Pi". Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  96. ^ Husarion ROSbot manual
  97. ^ "Using ROS with Webots". Retrieved 18 May 2018.
Notes
  • STAIR: The STanford Artificial Intelligence Robot project, Andrew Y. Ng, Stephen Gould, Morgan Quigley, Ashutosh Saxena, Eric Berger. Snowbird, 2008.

Category:2007 in robotics Category:2007 software Category:Computer vision software Category:Free software operating systems Category:Open-source robots Category:Robot operating systems manipulation Category:Robotics suites

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