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Design science

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A concept of Design Science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller[1] who defined it as a systematic form of designing.[2] He expanded on this concept in his World Design Science Decade proposal to the International Union of Architects in 1961.[3] The term was later used by S. A. Gregory in the 1965 'The Design Method' Conference [4] where he drew the distinction between scientific method and design method. Gregory was clear in his view that design was not a science and that design science referred to the scientific study of design. Herbert Simon in his 1968 Karl Taylor Compton lectures [5] used and popularized these terms in his argument for the scientific study of the artificial (as opposed to the natural). Over the intervening period the two uses of the term (systematic designing and study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where design science may have both meanings.

Science of design

The first edition of Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial,[6] published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the development of systematic and formalized design methodologies relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture, engineering, urban planning, medicine, computer science, and management studies.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Simon's ideas about the science of design also motivated the development of design research and the scientific study of designing.[13] In his book Simon also used the idea of a theory of design alluding to design science as a science of design. For example, the axiomatic theory of design described in Suh[14] presents a domain independent theory that can explain or prescribe the design process. The Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology, described in Gero[15][16] presenting a domain independent ontology of design and designing, is another example. Early efforts that use mathematics to formalize the design process include Braha’s Formal Theory of Design (FDT), which is a domain independent mathematical and computational theory of the design process.[17] Developing from the idea of a 'design science' there has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science.[4][18][19] Nigel Cross differentiated between scientific design, design science and a science of design.[20] The scientific study of design does not require or assume that the acts of designing are themselves scientific and an increasing number of research programs take this view.[21] Cross uses the term 'designerly' to distinguish designing from other kinds of human activity.[22]

Design as science

Braha and Maimon argue that there is direct similarity between design and the scientific process.[23][17] There is growing pressure on architects, engineers, lawyers, managers and other design-oriented professionals to act and decide on the basis of a systematic body of evidence.[24] Hevner and Chatterjee provide a reference on Design Science Research (DSR) in Information Systems,[25] including a selection of papers from the DESRIST conferences, a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of action research with design research. In 2010, 122 professors promoted design science in information system research by signing a memorandum.

Design as science in information systems

Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-science research.[26] The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication.

Later extensions of the Design Science framework detail how design and research problems can be rationally decomposed by means of nested problem solving.[27] It is also explained how the regulative cycle (problem investigation, solution design, design validation, solution implementation, and implementation evaluation) fits in the framework. Peffers et al.[28] developed a model for producing and presenting information systems research, the Design Science Research Process. The Peffers et al. model has been used extensively and Adams provides an example of the process model being applied to create a digital forensic process model.[29]

Example of Design Science research : Hypermodelling: Next Level Software Engineering with Data Warehouses,[30] The Business Model Ontology: a proposition in a design science approach.,[31] Design support for e-commerce information systems using goal, business and process modelling,[32] Aligning Access Rights to Governance Needs with the Responsibility MetaModel (ReMMo) in the Frame of Enterprise Architecture.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Fuller, R. Buckminster (1957). "A Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science". Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. 34. Retrieved 2016-09-14 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Fuller, R. Buckminster. "Fuller on Design Science". Buckminster Fuller Institute.
  3. ^ Fuller, R. Buckminster; McHale, John (1964). "World Design Science Decade documents". Buckminster Fuller Institute. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  4. ^ a b Gregory, Sydney (1966). The Design Method. UK: Butterworth.
  5. ^ Simon (1996). "'The Sciences of the Artificial". MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-69191-4. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ^ Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press.
  7. ^ Baldwin; Clarke (2000). "'Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity". MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  8. ^ Banathy (1996). "'Designing Social Systems in a Changing World". Plenum, New York. ISBN 0-306-45251-0. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  9. ^ Long; Dowell (1998). "'Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: Craft, applied science, and engineering". Cambridge University Press. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  10. ^ Romme (2003). "'aking a difference: Organization as design". Organization Science. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ^ Van Aken (2004). "'Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: The quest for field-tested and grounded technological Rules". Journal of Management Studies. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ^ Warfield (1990). "'A Science of Generic Design". Intersystems Publishers. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ Cross, Nigel (2007). "Forty years of design research". Design Studies. 28 (1): 1–4.
  14. ^ Suh (1990). "The Axiomatic Theory of Design". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504345-6. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  15. ^ Gero (1990). "'Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design". AI Magazine. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  16. ^ Gero (2004). "'The situated function-behaviour-structure framework". Design Studies. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  17. ^ a b Braha, Dan; Maimon, Oded (1998). A Mathematical Theory of Design: Foundations, Algorithms, and Applications. Springer.
  18. ^ Cross; Naughton, Walker (1981). "'Design method and scientific method". Design Studies. pp. 195–201. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. ^ Willem (1990). "'Design and Science". Design Studies. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. ^ Cross (2001). "'Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline versus Design Science". Design Issues. pp. 49–55. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  21. ^ Gero (2004). "'The PhD Program in Design Science at the University of Sydney, Development and Prospects of PhD Programme in Design Science Education". Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  22. ^ Cross (2007). "'Designerly Ways of Knowing". Birkhauser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8484-5. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  23. ^ Braha, Dan; Maimon, Oded (1997). The design process: properties, paradigms, and structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 27(2), 146-166.
  24. ^ Van Aken; Romme (2009). "'Reinventing the future: adding design science to the repertoire of organization and management studies". Organization Management Journal. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. ^ Hevner; Chatterjee (2010). "'Design Research in Information Systems". Springer. ISBN 1-4419-5652-2. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  26. ^ Hevner; Salvatore T. March; Jinsoo Park; Sudha Ram (2004). "Design science in information systems research". MIS Quarterly. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  27. ^ Wieringa (2009). "'Design Science as nested problem solving". 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  28. ^ Peffers; Tuunanen, Gengler; Rossi, Hui; Virtanen, Bragge (2006). "'The Design Science Research Process: A Model for Producing and Presenting Information Systems Research" (PDF). springer.[permanent dead link]
  29. ^ Adams (2013). "'The Advanced Data Acquisition Model (ADAM): A process model for digital forensic practice" (PDF). Murdoch University.
  30. ^ Frey T. (2013). Hypermodelling: Next Level Software Engineering with Data Warehouses (PDF).
  31. ^ Osterwalder A. (2004). The Business Model Ontology: a proposition in a design science approach. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-12. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Edirisuriya A. (2009). Design support for e-commerce information systems using goal, business and process modelling.
  33. ^ Feltus C. (2014). Aligning Access Rights to Governance Needs with the Responsibility MetaModel (ReMMo) in the Frame of Enterprise Architecture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-24. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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