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Khmer (Unicode block)

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Khmer
RangeU+1780..U+17FF
(128 code points)
PlaneBMP
ScriptsKhmer
Major alphabetsCambodian
Assigned114 code points
Unused14 reserved code points
2 deprecated
Unicode version history
3.0 (1999)103 (+103)
4.0 (2003)114 (+11)
Unicode documentation
Code chart ∣ Web page
Note: [1][2]

Khmer is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Khmer, or Cambodian, language. For details of the characters, see Khmer alphabet – Unicode.

Khmer
Script type
Period
About 611 – present[3]
LanguagesKhmer
Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Thai
Lao
Sister systems
Mon
Old Kawi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Khmr (355), ​Khmer
Unicode
Unicode alias
Khmer
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Template:Khmer characters

Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic
History of the alphabet

The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script (Template:Lang-km; Template:IPA-km) [4] is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language (the official language of Cambodia). It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.

It was adapted from the Pallava script, which ultimately descended from the Brahmi script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.[5] The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei District in Takéo Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611.[6] The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of Angkor. The Thai and Lao scripts are descendants of an older form of the Khmer script.

Ancient Khmer script engraved on stone.

Khmer is written from left to right. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each such character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel – either â or ô.

There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels – additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. There are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks.

Khmer
Script type
Period
About 611 – present[7]
LanguagesKhmer
Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
Thai
Lao
Sister systems
Mon
Old Kawi
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Khmr (355), ​Khmer
Unicode
Unicode alias
Khmer
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Template:Khmer characters

Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
Northern Brahmic
Southern Brahmic
History of the alphabet

The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script (Template:Lang-km; Template:IPA-km) [4] is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language (the official language of Cambodia). It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.

It was adapted from the Pallava script, which ultimately descended from the Brahmi script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.[8] The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei District in Takéo Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611.[9] The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of Angkor. The Thai and Lao scripts are descendants of an older form of the Khmer script.

Ancient Khmer script engraved on stone.

Khmer is written from left to right. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each such character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel – either â or ô.

There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels – additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. There are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks. 

==Block==
Khmer[1][2][3]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+178x ក ខ គ ឃ ង ច ឆ ជ ឈ ញ ដ ឋ ឌ ឍ ណ ត
U+179x ថ ទ ធ ន ប ផ ព ភ ម យ រ ល វ ឝ ឞ ស
U+17Ax ហ ឡ អ ឣ ឤ ឥ ឦ ឧ ឨ ឩ ឪ ឫ ឬ ឭ ឮ ឯ
U+17Bx ឰ ឱ ឲ ឳ  KIV 
AQ 		 KIV 
AA 		ា ិ ី ឹ ឺ ុ ូ ួ ើ ឿ
U+17Cx ៀ េ ែ ៃ ោ ៅ ំ ះ ៈ ៉ ៊ ់ ៌ ៍ ៎ ៏
U+17Dx ័ ៑  ្  ៓ ។ ៕ ៖ ៗ ៘ ៙ ៚ ៛ ៜ ៝
U+17Ex ០ ១ ២ ៣ ៤ ៥ ៦ ៧ ៨ ៩
U+17Fx ៰ ៱ ៲ ៳ ៴ ៵ ៶ ៷ ៸ ៹
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3.^ U+17A3 and U+17A4 are deprecated as of Unicode versions 4.0 and 5.2 respectively

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Khmer block:

Version Final code points[a] Count L2 ID WG2 ID Document
3.0 U+1780..17DC, 17E0..17E9 103 L2/97-040 N1524 Everson, Michael (1997-01-22), Proposal for encoding the Khmer script in ISO 10646
L2/97-194 Bauhahn, Maurice (1997-07-30), Proposal for Encoding of the Khmer Script
L2/98-101 N1729 Ad-hoc report on Burmese and Khmer, 1998-03-18
L2/98-175 N1779 Text for PDAM registration and consideration ballot for ISO 10646-1 Amendment 25 - Khmer, 1998-05-11
N1825 Paterson, Bruce (1998-05-11), PDAM25 - Khmer full text
L2/98-324 N1901 ISO/IEC 10646-1/FPDAM 25, AMENDMENT 25: Khmer, 1998-10-23
L2/98-341 Disposition of comments report on SC2 N3105, ISO 10646 Amd. 25: Khmer, 1998-10-23
L2/99-128 Paterson, Bruce (1999-04-14), Text for FDAM ballot ISO/IEC 10646 FDAM #25 - Khmer
(to be determined)
L2/00-009 N2149 Sato, T. K. (2000-01-05), Khmer Up-Date
L2/00-056 N2164 Sato, T. K. (2000-02-23), AMD-25 (Khmer) correction request
L2/00-109 Suignard, Michel (2000-04-06), Corrections to Khmer character tables in 10646 and Unicode
L2/00-338 N2274 Working Draft of Tables & Character Names for Editorial correction to Khmer for 10646-1:2000, 2000-09-19
L2/01-307 Whistler, Ken (2001-08-06), Serious bug in Khmer, Myanmar combining classes
L2/01-308 Hosken, Martin; Whistler, Ken (2001-08-08), Serious bug in Khmer, Myanmar combining classes
L2/01-310 McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2001-08-12), Khmer issues on the Horizon
L2/01-372 N2380 Cambodian official objection to the existing Khmer block in UCS, 2001-10-08
L2/01-382 N2385 Bauhahn, Maurice; Everson, Michael (2001-10-11), Response to Cambodian official objection to Khmer block (N2380)
L2/01-421 N2380R Cambodian official objection to the existing Khmer block in UCS, 2001-10-14
L2/01-394 Phu, Leewood (2001-10-17), Letter from Cambodia to JTC 1 Chairman Regarding Khmer Character Encoding in ISO/IEC 10646
L2/01-443 N2406 Response to WG2 Document N2385, 2001-10-11, 2001-11-04
L2/01-476 Karlsson, Kent (2001-12-19), Ordering rules for Khmer
L2/02-016 Whistler, Ken (2002-01-14), Character Properties for repetition marks
L2/02-017 Whistler, Ken (2002-01-14), Character Properties for avagrahas, etc.
L2/02-073 Davis, Mark (2002-02-08), Cambodian
L2/02-097 Chea, Sok Huor; Lao, Kim Leang; Harada, Shiro; Klein, Norbert (2002-02-13), Proposal to deprecate Khmer characters
L2/02-131 N2412 Everson, Michael (2002-03-31), On the suitability of the COENG encoding model for Khmer
L2/02-196 N2458 Harada, Shiro (2002-05-03), On the Unsuitability of "COENG encoding model" for Khmer
L2/02-211 N2459 Cambodian stance regarding Khmer code table in Unicode 3.2, 2002-05-14
L2/03-430 Davis, Mark (2003-11-10), Problem with Khmer / ZWJ / ZWNJ
4.0 U+17DD, 17F0..17F9 11 L2/02-083 Nelson, Paul (2001-12-02), Response and Proposal for Khmer Encoding
L2/02-100 Chea, Sok Huor; Lao, Kim Leang; Harada, Shiro; Klein, Norbert (2002-02-13), Proposal to add missing Khmer characters
L2/16-163 Pournader, Roozbeh (2015-05-12), Additions to Indic Syllabic Category for Myanmar and Khmer
  1. ^ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names

See also

References

  1. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  2. ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
  3. ^ Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: languages and literatures : a select guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
  4. ^ a b Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-01314-0.
  5. ^ Punnee Soonthornpoct: From Freedom to Hell: A History of Foreign Interventions in Cambodian Politics And Wars. Page 29. Vantage Press.
  6. ^ Russell R. Ross: Cambodia: A Country Study. Page 112. Library of Congress, USA, Federal Research Division, 1990.
  7. ^ Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: languages and literatures : a select guide. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
  8. ^ Punnee Soonthornpoct: From Freedom to Hell: A History of Foreign Interventions in Cambodian Politics And Wars. Page 29. Vantage Press.
  9. ^ Russell R. Ross: Cambodia: A Country Study. Page 112. Library of Congress, USA, Federal Research Division, 1990.
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