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Comparison of Java virtual machines

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Version information

Name Creator First public release Latest stable version Latest release date Cost, availability License
Avian ReadyTalk 3 March 2008[1] 1.2.0[2] 17 Mar 2015[2] Free ISC license[3]
CACAO Vienna University of Technology ? 1.6.0[4] 4 September 2012[4] Free GPL version 2 or later.[5]
CEE-J Skelmir 1998 15.8 December 2015 Commercial Proprietary
GCJ GNU ? ? ? Free GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception".[6]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 ? 21 September 2017 Free GPL version 2 only.
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 ? September 2017 Free Proprietary
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Sun Microsystems, Oracle 27 April 1999 ? ? Commercial Proprietary[7]
HotSpot, Zero port Gary Benson[8] ? ? ? Free GPL version 2 only.
IKVM.NET Jeroen Frijters 28 June 2004 7.0.4335.0 5 December 2011 Free zlib License[9]
JAmiga Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström 19 May 2005[10] 0.0.6[11] 21 May 2010[12] Free GPL version 2 or later.
JamVM Robert Lougher 13 March 2003 2.0.0 30 July 2014 Free GPL version 2 or later.
Jato VM Pekka Enberg and contributors[13] ? 0.3[14] 4 January 2012[14] Free GPL version 2 only.[13]
JC virtual machine Archie L. Cobbs ? 1.4.7 13 November 2005 Free LGPL version 2.1 or later
Jikes RVM IBM 14 October 2001 3.1.4[15] 18 February 2016[15] Free Eclipse Public License version 1.0[16]
Kaffe Transvirtual Technologies 1996 1.1.9 22 February 2008 Free GPL version 2 or later.[17]
Mysaifu JVM ? 16 April 2005[18] 0.4.8[18] 5 March 2010[18] Free GPL version 2 only[18]
SableVM Sable Research Group ? 1.13 30 March 2007[19] Free LGPL version 2.1 or later.
VMKit J3 ? 20 October 2008 0.30 ? Free University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License[20]
Zing Azul Systems October 2010 18.02 (Java 8) 23 February 2018 Commercial Proprietary
Zulu Azul Systems September 2013 10 22 March 2018 Free GNU General Public License Version 2 [21]

Technical information

JVM Status Latest supported Java version Supported class libraries Performance
GNU Classpath OpenJDK Other Interpretation AOT JIT
Avian ? No[22] Yes[22] Apache Harmony, Dalvik, own internal class library[22] Yes[23] Yes[23] Yes[23]
CACAO 1.6[24] Yes[4] Yes[4] No[25] No[25] Yes[25]
Skelmir CEE-J Commercially available 1.7[26] No No own internal class library Yes[26] Yes[26] Yes[26]
GCJ ? Yes No Yes Yes No
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Reference implementation. 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Reference implementation. 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition ? No Yes Yes No Yes
HotSpot, Zero port Interpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable. 1.7 No Yes Yes No No
IKVM.NET ? ? ? Whatever the .NET runtime uses
JAmiga 1.4[27] Yes[28] No Yes[29] No No
JamVM 1.8[30] Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] No Yes[31]
Jato VM 1.6[32] Yes[14] No[33] No[33] No[33] Yes[14]
JC virtual machine Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler. 1.4[34] Yes[35] No Yes[36] Yes[36] Yes[36]
Jikes RVM 1.6[37] Yes[38] Port[39][40] Apache Harmony[38] No[41] ? Yes
Kaffe 1.4[42] Yes[17] No Yes[17] No[17] Yes[17]
Mysaifu JVM ? Yes[43] No Yes[44] No[44] No[44]
SableVM Unmaintained 1.4 Yes No Yes No No
VMKit J3 1.5[45] Yes[46] Yes[46] ? Yes[47] Yes[47]
Zing Commercially available 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes
Zulu Available free, commercial support optional 1.8 No Yes Yes No Yes

Supported CPU architectures

JVM x86 x86-64 SPARC MIPS Itanium Power ARM Alpha S390 zSeries m68k
Avian Yes[23] Yes[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] Yes[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23]
CACAO Yes[25] Yes[25] Not any more[25] Yes[25] No[25] Yes[25] Yes[25] Yes[25] Yes[25] No[25] Not any more[25]
Skelmir CEE-J Yes[26] Yes[26] No Yes[26] No Yes[26] Yes[26] No No No No
GCJ Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] No[48] No[48]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Yes[49] Yes[49] Solaris only[49] Port[50][51] No[49] PowerPC/AIX port[52] Yes[49] No[49] No[49] No[49] No[49]
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Yes[49] Yes[49] Solaris only[49] No[49] Java 1.6[53] No[49] Yes[49] No[49] No[49] No[49] No[49]
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Yes[7] Yes[7] Yes[7] ? ? Yes[7] Yes[7] ? ? ? ?
HotSpot, Zero port Yes[54] Yes[54] No[54] Yes[54] Yes[54] Yes[54] Yes[54] Yes[54] No[54] Yes[54] No[54]
IKVM.NET Any architecture with a .NET framework.
JAmiga ? ? No No No Yes No No No No Yes
JamVM Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] No[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] No[31]
Jato VM Yes[14] Under development[55] No No No Under development[55] Preliminary ARMv5 support[33] No No No No
JC virtual machine Yes No No No No No No No No No No
Jikes RVM Yes[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] Yes[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56]
Kaffe Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] No[17] Yes[17]
Mysaifu JVM No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] Yes[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57]
SableVM Yes[58] Yes Yes[58] Yes Yes[58] Yes[58] Yes[58] Yes[58] Yes[58] No[58] Yes[58]
VMKit J3 Yes[47] Yes[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] Yes[47] Yes[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47]
Zing No[59] Yes[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59]
Zulu Yes[60] Yes[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] Yes[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60]

Supported operating systems

JVM Windows Linux FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD Solaris OpenSolaris Darwin Mac OS X iOS BeOS Haiku AIX IRIX OS/2 Windows Mobile AmigaOS Other
Avian Yes[23] Yes[23] Yes[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] Yes[23] Yes[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23]
CACAO Using Cygwin[61] Yes[61] Yes[61] Yes[61] No[61] Yes[61] Yes[61] Yes[61] ?[61] No[61] No[61] No[61] No[61] Yes[61] No[61] No[61] No[61] kFreeBSD, ucLinux[61]
CEE-J Yes[26] Yes[26] ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes[26] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
GCJ Yes[48] Yes[48] Yes[48] ? ? Yes[48] ? Yes[48] Yes[48] ? ? ? ? Yes[48] ? No[48] No[48] DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller[48]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition Yes[62] (distributed as source code) Yes Port[63] Port[63] Port[63] Yes Yes[64] ? Yes[65] No No Port[66] Port[52] No Port[67] No No
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition Yes[49] Yes[49] No No No Yes[49] ? ? Yes[49] No No No No No No No No
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition Yes[7] Yes[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] Yes[7] ?[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7] No[7]
HotSpot, Zero port No[54][68] Yes[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68] No[54][68]
IKVM.NET Any operating system with a .NET framework
JAmiga No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes
JamVM No[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] No[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] Yes[31] On Jailbroken iPhone[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] No[31] kFreeBSD
Jato VM No[55] Yes[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] Under development[55] ?[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55]
JC virtual machine No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Jikes RVM No[56] Yes[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] Yes[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] Yes[56] No[56] No[56] No[56] No[56]
Kaffe Using Cygwin[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] ? Yes[17] Yes[17] No[17] Yes[17] No[17] Yes[17] Yes[17] No[17] No[17] Yes HPUX 11.x, BSDI 2.x, Unixware, SCO 3.2v5, NeXTStep 3.x, DG/UX, OpenStep 4.x, QNX 4.x, NCR MP-RAS 3.x, OSKit 0.96 +, GNU Hurd, Cygwin, DragonFly BSD, Interix, Ultrix 4.2, PS2Linux, AUX, MachTen 4.0.3, Fujitsu UXP/DS [17]
Mysaifu JVM No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] No[57] Yes[57] No[57]
SableVM Using Cygwin[58] Yes[58] Yes[58] ? ? ? ? ? Yes[58] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
VMKit J3 No[47] Yes[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] ?[47] Yes[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47] No[47]
Zing No[59] Yes[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59] No[59]
Zulu Yes[60] Yes[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] Yes[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60] No[60]

References

  1. ^ "All releases of Avian – Freecode". Freecode.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  2. ^ a b "v1.2.0". GitHub.
  3. ^ "Avian | License". Oss.readytalk.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  4. ^ a b c d "cacaojvm.org". cacaojvm.org. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  5. ^ "CacaoLicense - CACAO Wiki". C1.complang.tuwien.ac.at. 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  6. ^ "The GCJ FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gcc.gnu.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/embedded/resources/se-embeddocs/index.html#sysreqs
  8. ^ "gbenson.net". gbenson.net. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  9. ^ "License - ikvm". SourceForge.net. 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  10. ^ "JAmiga - Browse /jamiga/pre-alpha 0.0.5 at Sourceforge.net". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  11. ^ "Downloads - jamiga2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  12. ^ "Readme - jamiga2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  13. ^ a b "jato/README at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Jato". Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  15. ^ a b "Jikes RVM - Browse /jikesrvm at Sourceforge.net". Sourceforge.net. 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  16. ^ "License". Jikes RVM. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af https://github.com/kaffe/kaffe/blob/9c61a687642bcce614054b6b694cbd6586210965/README
  18. ^ a b c d "Mysaifu JVM". Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-08-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "SableVM - Browse /sablevm/1.13 at". Sourceforge.net. 2007-03-30. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  20. ^ "[llvm-project] View of /vmkit/trunk/LICENSE.TXT". Llvm.org. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  21. ^ http://www.azulsystems.com/products/zulu
  22. ^ a b c "Avian | Status". Oss.readytalk.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-07-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ "Faq - Cacao Wiki". C1.complang.tuwien.ac.at. 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n http://c1.complang.tuwien.ac.at/cacaowiki/CacaoFeatures
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l http://www.skelmir.com/products
  27. ^ "jni.c - jamiga2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  28. ^ "ClasspathDevelopment - jamiga2 - This document describes the work done and needed for the GNU Classpath - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  29. ^ "interpreter.c - jamiga 2 - Java for Amiga - Google Project Hosting". Retrieved 2012-08-11.
  30. ^ "JamVM | Release notes for JamVM at SourceForge.net". sourceforge.net. 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af http://jamvm.sourceforge.net
  32. ^ "jato/include/vm/java-version.h at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  33. ^ a b c d "jato/TODO at master · penberg/jato · GitHub". Retrieved 2012-08-04.
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  35. ^ "JC Virtual Machine: Home". Jcvm.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
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  38. ^ a b "SourceForge: jikesrvm/jikesrvm: files". Jikesrvm.hg.sourceforge.net. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  39. ^ "openjdk4jikesrvm - Use Openjdk library as JikesRVM's class library - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
  40. ^ http://jira.codehaus.org/browse/RVM-549
  41. ^ "Feature request for interpreter".
  42. ^ https://github.com/kaffe/kaffe/blob/master/kaffe/kaffe/version.h
  43. ^ "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  44. ^ a b c "Diary of Mysaifu JVM". 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  45. ^ http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/vmkit/trunk/lib/j3/ClassLib/SetProperties.inc?view=co
  46. ^ a b http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project/vmkit/trunk/lib/j3/ClassLib/
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  50. ^ http://openjdk.java.net/projects/mips-port/
  51. ^ http://icedtea.classpath.org/wiki/MIPSPort
  52. ^ a b http://openjdk.java.net/projects/ppc-aix-port
  53. ^ http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/itaniumreleasenotes-140450.html
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  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "[ANNOUNCE] Jato 0.3 - Google Groups". 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab http://www.jikesrvm.org/SupportedPlatforms/
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "SVN - Mysaifu JVM". 2009-10-09. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m http://sablevm.org/features.html
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab http://www.azulsystems.com/products/zing/specs
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab http://www.azulsystems.com/products/zulu/installing
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  62. ^ http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8/build/raw-file/tip/README-builds.html#windows
  63. ^ a b c http://openjdk.java.net/projects/bsd-port
  64. ^ http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk8/build/raw-file/tip/README-builds.html#opensolaris
  65. ^ http://openjdk.java.net/projects/macosx-port/
  66. ^ http://openjdk.java.net/projects/haiku-port
  67. ^ http://www.os2world.com/content/view/21877/1/
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q http://openjdk.java.net/projects/zero/
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