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Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program

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The Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program, commonly known as the "Lawa Project", located in the Khon Kaen Province of Thailand, is an effort to reduce chronic infection by the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) among the native peoples of the Isaan area of northeast Thailand.[1] The project operates under the Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand and is directed by Banchob Sripa. The main aim is to eliminate the practice of consuming raw or undercooked fish, the major cause of liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in the region. The project is unique from previous efforts in that it follows the principles of EcoHealth, a One Health approach to improving human and animal health. The project has been the subject of newspaper and TV reports by BBC, the New York Times, and the Guardian.[2][3][4]

The area and population

The project area consists of several villages around the "Kaeng Lawa" (Thai: แก่งลาลา), a lake and wetlands about 25 kilometers south of the city of Khon Kaen. The primary occupations of the people are rice farming and fishing the lake. The lake is a source of the cyprinid fish that the locals consume raw in dishes known as koi pla and pla som, which are often infested with the cysts or metacercariae of the liver fluke. The fish are also ingested by cats and dogs, which also serve as hosts for the fluke. Northeast Thailand still has the highest incidence of bile duct cancer in the world,[5] and the prevalence of O. viverrini infection in some villages in Khon Kaen Province has reached 100%.[1]

Lawa model

The first attempts at opisthorchiasis control in Thailand began in the 1950s and included education on liver fluke infection and safe cooking, but these efforts had limited success since the consumption of raw fish dishes is an ingrained part of the rice-fish culture of the indigenous people.[6] With the introduction of praziquantel in the 1980s, treatment became a part of the program. The prevalence of infection was reduced, but after funding reductions during the economic crises in the 1990s, prevalence rates rose again to as high as 85% in some areas of the northeast by 2009.[1] In 2007, researchers at Khon Kaen University, led by Banchob Sripa, decided to take a more multidisciplinary approach, incorporating EcoHealth principles, which involve the collaboration of human and animal health specialists toward improving the health of people, animals and the environment as well as achieving greater understanding of how the ecosystem affects human and animal health.[7] The "Lawa model" as it became known, involves community participation as a key element. Village health volunteers, staff of local subdistrict hospitals, teachers and others maintain a campaign of continuous education, teaching in the community and the schools about liver fluke disease and discouraging the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The campaigns often involve “edutainment” activities (songwriting, dancing and music) to attract public attention. A village health volunteer teaching children about liver fluke infection A Village health volunteer teaching children about liver fluke infection.

Benefits

After implementation of the Lawa model, the prevalence of infection declined from 67% to 16% over three years in Lawa village with little reinfection after treatment, which was a common reason for failure in the past.[1] An intensive program in nine of the schools in the village reduced infection to undetectable levels. In 2012, the schools were certified as liver fluke free. Infection typically begins in childhood, leading to the lifelong chronic infection that often results in cancer.


An analysis conducted by the university on the social return on investment estimates a return of 3.47 times the financial value, with the primary benefit having gone to the villagers and the especially the children of the students who should avoid a lifetime of chronic infection and its possible consequences.[8] Such projects are hard to assess solely on the basis of an economic analysis.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Sripa, Banchob; Tangkawattana, Sirikachorn; Laha, Thewarach; Kaewkes, Sasithorn; Mallory, Frank F.; Smith, John F.; Wilcox, Bruce A. (January 2015). "Toward integrated opisthorchiasis control in northeast Thailand: The Lawa project". Acta Tropica. 141: 361–367. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.07.017.
  2. ^ Holmes, Oliver (28 June 2017). "Thai doctor fights against carcinogenic raw fish dish that killed his parents". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  3. ^ Head, Jonathan (13 June 2015). "Thailand's deadly fish dish". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. ^ Fuller, Thomas (27 April 2011). "In Thailand, a Treasured Delicacy That Can Prove to Be Deadly". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  5. ^ "World Cholangiocarcinoma Day 2018 CCA: The statistics". worldcholangiocarcinomaday.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  6. ^ Sripa, Banchob; Echaubard, Pierre (October 2017). "Prospects and Challenges towards Sustainable Liver Fluke Control". Trends in Parasitology. 33 (10): 799–812. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.002.
  7. ^ Sripa, Banchob; Tangkawattana, Sirikachorn; Sangnikul, Thinnakorn (August 2017). "The Lawa model: A sustainable, integrated opisthorchiasis control program using the EcoHealth approach in the Lawa Lake region of Thailand". Parasitology International. 66 (4): 346–354. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.013.
  8. ^ Sarnwong, Auttapan (June 2017). Analysis of Social Return on Investment Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Using the EcoHealth/ One Health Approach (Lawa Project). Office of the Research Promotion Program in Higher Education and National Research Universities. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Lawa model: a WHO CC showcase [1]
  • Liver fluke report for Khun Banchob [2]
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