User:Conformancenut347/Error function

History

The name and notation for the error function (and the error function complement) were coined by J. W. L. Glaisher in 1871 on account of its connection with "the theory of Probability, and notably the theory of [[errors and residuals|Errors]." Glaisher cites that, for the "law of facility" of errors—the normal distribution—whose density is given by $f(x)=\left({\frac {c}{\pi }}\right)^{\tfrac {1}{2}}e^{-cx^{2}}$, the chance of an error lying between $p$ and $q$ is

$\left({\frac {c}{\pi }}\right)^{\tfrac {1}{2}}\int _{p}^{q}e^{-cx^{2}}dx={\tfrac {1}{2}}\left(\operatorname {erf} (q{\sqrt {c}})-\operatorname {erf} (p{\sqrt {c}})\right){\text{.}}$

Glaisher (1871) reviews the history of this special function and its utility in the theories of probability, refraction, and heat conduction.