Lovelock's theorem

Not to be confused with Lovelock theory of gravity.

Lovelock's Theorem is a theorem of general relativity which says that from a local gravitational action which contains only second derivatives of the four-dimensional spacetime metric, then the only possible equations of motion are the Einstein field equations. The theorem was described by British physicist David Lovelock in 1971.

Statement

The only possible second-order Euler-Lagrange expression obtainable in a four-dimensional space from a scalar density of the form ${\mathcal {L}}={\mathcal {L}}(g_{\mu \nu })$ is $E^{\mu \nu }=\alpha {\sqrt {-g}}\left[R^{\mu \nu }-{\frac {1}{2}}g^{\mu \nu }R\right]+\lambda {\sqrt {-g}}g^{\mu \nu }$

Consequences

Lovelock's theorem means that if we want to modify the Einstein field equations, then we have five options.

• Add other fields rather than the metric tensor
• Use more or less than four spacetime dimensions
• Add more than second order derivatives of the metric
• Non-locality, e.g. for example the inverse d'Alembertian
• Emergence - the idea that the field equations don't come from the action.

See also

• Lovelock gravity