Circular section

tri-axial ellipsoid with a circular section

In geometry a circular section is a circle on a quadric surface (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, ...). It can be considered as a special plane section of the quadric. Any plane section of a sphere containing at least 2 points is a circular section. Any rotational symmetric quadric contains circles as sections with planes which are orthogonal to the axis. More hidden are circles on non rotational symmetric quadrics, such as tri-axial ellipsoids, elliptic cylinders,... Nevertheless, it is true that:

• Any quadric surface, which contains ellipses, contains circles, too.

Equivalently, all quadric surfaces contain circles except parabolic and hyperbolic cylinders and hyperbolic paraboloids.

In pre-computer times circular sections where used for the construction of models of quadrics (s. External Link). In German books circular sections appear as the intersection of a Kreisschnittebene with a quadric.

Circular sections are used in Crystallography.

Determination of circular sections of a quadric

In order to find the planes, which contain circular sections of a given quadric, one uses the following statements:

(S:) If the common points of a quadric with a sphere are contained in a pair of planes, then the intersection curve consists of two circles.

(P:) If the intersection of a plane and a quadric is a circle, than any parallel plane, that contains at least two points of the quadric, intersects the quadic in a circle, too.

Hence the strategy for the detection of circular sections is:

1) Find a sphere, which intersects the quadric in a pair of planes and

2) The planes, which are parallel to the detected ones, deliver the remaining circular sections.

Tri-axial ellipsoid

tri-axial ellipsoid with circular sections (blue and green) and the auxiliary sphere (red), which intersects the quadric in the blue circles

Ellipsoid intersected by spheres: $c<{\color {seagreen}r_{1}}<{\color {blue}b}<{\color {purple}r_{2}}<a$

For the ellipsoid with equation

${\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1$

and the semi-axes $a>b>c>0$ one uses an auxiliary sphere with equation

$x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\ .$

The sphers's radius has to be chosen such that the intersection with the ellipsoid is contained in two planes through the origin. Multiplication of the ellipsoid's equation by $r^{2}$ and subtracting the sphere's equation yields:

$\left({\frac {r^{2}}{a^{2}}}-1\right)\;x^{2}+\left({\frac {r^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1\right)\;y^{2}+\left({\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}-1\right)\;z^{2}=0\ .$

This equation describes a pair of planes, if one of the 3 coefficients is zero. In case of $\ r=a\$ or $\ r=c\$ the equation is only fulfilled by either the x-axis or the z-axis. Only in case of $\ r=b\$ one gets a pair of planes with equation

• $\left({\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}-1\right)\;x^{2}+\left({\frac {b^{2}}{c^{2}}}-1\right)\;z^{2}=0\ \quad \leftrightarrow \quad z=\pm {\tfrac {c}{a}}{\sqrt {\tfrac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{b^{2}-c^{2}}}}\;x\ ,$

because only in this case the remaining coefficients have different signs (due to: $a>b>c$).

The diagram gives an impression of more common intersections between a sphere and an ellipsoid and highlights the exceptional circular case (blue).

If the values of the semi-axes are approaching, the two pencils of planes (and circles) approach either. For $a=b$ all the planes are orthogonal to the z-axis (rotation axis).

Proof of property (P):
Turning the ellipsoid around the y-axis such that one of the two circles (blue) lies in the x-y-plane results in a new equation of the ellipsoid:

$Ax^{2}+By^{2}+Cz^{2}+D{\color {red}xz}=E$

For $z=0$ one gets $Ax^{2}+By^{2}=E$, which has to be the equation of a circle. This is only true, if $A=B\neq 0,\ E>0$. The intersection of the ellipsoid by a plane with equation $z=z_{0}$, (parallel to the x-y-plane) has the equation

$A(x^{2}+y^{2})+Dz_{0}x=E-Cz_{0}^{2}$.

This equation describes a circle or a point or the empty set. Center and radius of the circle can be found be completing the square.

Elliptical hyperboloid of one sheet

hyperboloid of one sheet

For the hyperboloid of one sheet with equation

${\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1\ ,\quad a>b\ ,c>0$

analogously one gets for the intersection with the sphere $\ x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\$ the equation

$\left({\frac {r^{2}}{a^{2}}}-1\right)\;x^{2}+\left({\frac {r^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1\right)\;y^{2}-\left({\frac {r^{2}}{c^{2}}}+1\right)\;z^{2}=0\ .$

Only for $\ r=a\$ one gets a pair of planes:

$\left({\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1\right)\;y^{2}-\left({\frac {a^{2}}{c^{2}}}+1\right)\;z^{2}=0\ \quad \leftrightarrow \quad z=\pm {\frac {c}{b}}{\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}}\;y\ ,\$

Elliptical cylinder

elliptical cylinder

For the elliptical cylinder with equation

${\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}=1\ ,\quad a>b\ ,$

one gets the equation

$\left({\frac {r^{2}}{a^{2}}}-1\right)\;x^{2}+\left({\frac {r^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1\right)\;y^{2}-z^{2}=0\ .$

Only for $\ r=a\$ one gets a pair of planes:

$\left({\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1\right)\;y^{2}-z^{2}=0\ \quad \leftrightarrow \quad z=\pm {\frac {\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}{b}}\;y\ .\$

Elliptical paraboloid

elliptical paraboloid

For the elliptical paraboloid with equation

$ax^{2}+by^{2}-z=0\ ,\quad a{\color {red}{<}}b\ ,$

one chooses a sphere containing the vertex (origin) and with center on the axis (z-axis) :

$x^{2}+y^{2}+(z-r)^{2}=r^{2}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-2rz=0\ .$

After elimination of the linear parts one gets the equation

$(2ra-1)\;x^{2}+(2rb-1)\;y^{2}-z^{2}=0\ .$

Only for $r={\tfrac {1}{2a}}$ one gets a pair of planes :

$\left({\frac {b}{a}}-1\right)\;y^{2}-z^{2}=0\quad \leftrightarrow \quad z=\pm {\sqrt {\frac {b-a}{a}}}\;y\ .\$

Elliptical hyperboloid of two sheets

elliptical hyperboloid of two sheets

The hyperboloid of two sheets with equation

$-{\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1\ ,\quad a>b\ ,\ c>0\ ,$

is shifted at first such that one vertex is the origin (s. diagram):

$-{\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {(z+c)^{2}}{c^{2}}}=1\quad \leftrightarrow \quad \ -{\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}-{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {z^{2}}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {2z}{c}}=0\ .$

Analogously to the paraboloid case one chooses a sphere containing the origin with center on the z-axis:

$x^{2}+y^{2}+(z-r)^{2}=r^{2}\quad \leftrightarrow \quad x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-2zr=0\ .$

After elimination of the linear parts one gets the equation

$\left(-{\frac {r}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)\;x^{2}+\left(-{\frac {r}{b^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)\;y^{2}+\left({\frac {r}{c^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)z^{2}=0\ .$

Only for $r={\tfrac {a^{2}}{c}}$ one gets a pair of planes:

$\left(-{\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}c}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)\;y^{2}+\left({\frac {a^{2}}{c^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{c}}\right)\;z^{2}=0\ \quad \leftrightarrow \quad z=\pm {\frac {c}{b}}{\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}+c^{2}}}}\;y\ .$

Elliptical cone

elliptical cone

The elliptical cone with equation

${\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-z^{2}=0\ ,\quad a>b\ ,$

is shifted such that the vertex is not the origin (s. diagram):

${\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-(z-1)^{2}=0\quad \leftrightarrow \quad {\frac {x^{2}}{a^{2}}}+{\frac {y^{2}}{b^{2}}}-z^{2}+2z=1.$

Now a sphere with center at the origin is suitable:

$x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=r^{2}\ .$

Eliminatiion of $x^{2}$ yields:

$({\frac {a^{2}}{b^{2}}}-1)\;y^{2}-(1+a^{2})\;z^{2}+2a^{2}z=a^{2}-r^{2}\ .$

In this case completing the square gives:

${\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{b^{2}}}\;y^{2}-(1+a^{2})\left(z-{\frac {a^{2}}{1+a^{2}}}\right)^{2}=a^{2}-{\frac {a^{4}}{1+a^{2}}}-r^{2}\ .$

In order to get the equation of a pair of planes, the right part of the equation has to be zero, which is true for $r={\tfrac {a}{\sqrt {1+a^{2}}}}\ .$ The solution for z gives:

$z={\frac {a^{2}}{1+a^{2}}}\pm {\frac {1}{b}}{\sqrt {\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{1+a^{2}}}}\;y\ .$

References

• H. F. Baker: Principles of Geometry, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 2010,ISBN 978-1-108-01779-4.
• D. M. Y. Sommerville: Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions, Cambridge University Press, 1959, ISBN 978-1-316-60190-7, p. 204.
• K. P. Grotemeyer: Analytische Geometrie. Göschen-Verlag, 1962, p. 143.
• H. Scheid, W. Schwarz: Elemente der Linearen Algebra und der Analysis. Spektrum, Heidelberg, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-1971-2, p. 132.

External Link

• H. Wiener, P. Treutlein: Verzeichnis mathematischer Modelle. (PDF).