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invertebrate zoology
- 1700s:
  - naming of species that were relevant to economic pursuits, such as farming (pests and pest control)
  - entomology changed greatly and rapidly^[1]--many zoologists/naturalists working with hexapods
  - parasitology/worms
    - Nicolas Andry de Boisregard--French physician^[1]
      - worms cause disease
      - worms do not spontaneously form in human/animal gut; must be some 'seed' that enters the body and which contains the worm in some form
        spontaneous generation still argued over
    - Antonio Vallisneri^[1]
      - insect reproduction--sawfly
      - parasitic worms--Ascaris and Neoascaris
        worms from eggs
  - Linnaeus
    - insects and intestinal worms in Systema Naturae (first edition published in 1735)^[1]
      - tenth edition as true starting point for modern classification scheme for animals^[2]
    - universal system of classification and binomial nomenclature
      - genus and species, but also higher levels of classification^[3]
      - study of/investigation into biological diversity^[2]
      - based on few characters; artificial system^[4]
      - description of named organisms^[3]
- 1800s
  - Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution by natural selection
    - informed by study of insects while abroad (both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace)^[5]
    - many species of invertebrate collected while aboard the Beagle (lots of insects)
      - sexual dimorphism, geographic distribution, mimicry
    - immutability of species major hurdle in acceptance of theory^[6]
- 20th century
  - Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969)
    - Wrote many volumes detailing work on invertebrates
    - Awarded Linnean Society Gold Medal for her invertebrate textbooks
    - Did research and furthered knowledge on protozoans, flatworms, and coelenterates ^[7]
  - phylogenetics
    - Willi Hennig
      - entomologist
      - publication of Phylogenetic Systematics in 1966
        redefinition of the goals of classification/systematic schemes for living things
        
        focus on evolutionary relationships instead of morphology
        
        definition of monophyly, ideas about hierarchical classification
        
        nothing on outgroup comparison, though this method is important today and Hennig was apparently aware of it^[8]
- The Division of Invertebrate Zoology
  - A group of invertebrate zoologists set up to study and document invertebrates
  - Has a collection of 500,000 species that it's examined
  - Analyzes how the species are related through DNA analysis^[9]

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.
^ ^a ^b Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.
^ ^a ^b Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.
^ Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
^ Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
^ Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)". Systematic Biology. 43 (2): 212–221. doi:10.2307/2413462.
^ "Invertebrate Zoology". AMNH. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

[:1-1] Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.

[:2-2] Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.

[:3-3] Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.

[4] Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[5] Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[6] Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

[7] Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

[8] Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)". Systematic Biology. 43 (2): 212–221. doi:10.2307/2413462.

[9] "Invertebrate Zoology". AMNH. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

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