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Invertebrate zoology:

history/developments (link to name pages of those who have wiki articles about them)
- Early Modern era:
  - Conrad Gesner's Historia Animalum (1551-1587)
    - information from older works; restating the work of Pliny and Aristotle; mixing of old knowledge with own observations^[1]
  - Felix Platter--Swiss physician
    - differentiation between two types of tape worm
    - description of both worm and affects on host^[2]
  - Francesco Redi--Italian physician and naturalist
    - disproved spontaneous generation of flies from rotting meat
      - detailed observation of fly life cycle
      - controlled experimentation
    - description and illustration of parasites of plants and animals^[2]
  - Invention of the microscope in 1599
    - Robert Hooke--working out of England/Royal Society
      - observation of insects (including some larval forms) and other invertebrates (i.e. ticks [Arachnids])
      - Micrographia (1665)^[3]
  - shift towards experimental efforts following efforts of Sir Frances Bacon
  - Jan Swammerdam--Dutch microscopist
    - worked disproving spontaneous generation
    - advancements in anatomy and physiology
      - in entomology: dissections of insects, observation of internal structures^[4]
    - classification of insects based on life histories^[5]
      - work toward proof that egg/larva/pupa/adult are same individual
    - support for 'modern' science over blind belief in the work of philosophers of Antiquity^[4]
- 1700s:
  - naming of species that were relevant to economic pursuits, such as farming (pests and pest control)
  - entomology changed greatly and rapidly^[6]--many zoologists/naturalists working with hexapods
  - parasitology/worms
    - Nicolas Andry de Boisregard--French physician^[6]
      - worms cause disease
      - worms do not spontaneously form in human/animal gut; must be some 'seed' that enters the body and which contains the worm in some form
        spontaneous generation still argued over
    - Antonio Vallisneri^[6]
      - insect reproduction--sawfly
      - parasitic worms--Ascaris and Neoascaris
        worms from eggs
  - Linnaeus
    - insects and intestinal worms in Systema Naturae (first edition published in 1735)^[6]
      - tenth edition as true starting point for modern classification scheme for animals^[7]
    - universal system of classification and binomial nomenclature
      - genus and species, but also higher levels of classification^[8]
      - study of/investigation into biological diversity^[7]
      - based on few characters; artificial system^[9]
      - description of named organisms^[8]
- 1800s
  - Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution by natural selection
    - informed by study of insects while abroad (both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace)^[10]
    - many species of invertebrate collected while aboard the Beagle (lots of insects)
      - sexual dimorphism, geographic distribution, mimicry
    - immutability of species major hurdle in acceptance of theory^[11]
- 20th century
  - Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969)
    - Wrote many volumes detailing work on invertebrates
    - Awarded Linnean Society Gold Medal for her invertebrate textbooks
    - Did research and furthered knowledge on protozoans, flatworms, and coelenterates ^[12]
  - phylogenetics
    - Willi Hennig
      - entomologist
      - publication of Phylogenetic Systematics in 1966
        redefinition of the goals of classification/systematic schemes for living things
        
        focus on evolutionary relationships instead of morphology
        
        definition of monophyly, ideas about hierarchical classification
        
        nothing on outgroup comparison, though this method is important today and Hennig was apparently aware of it^[13]
- The Division of Invertebrate Zoology
  - A group of invertebrate zoologists set up to study and document invertebrates
  - Has a collection of 500,000 species that it's examined
  - Analyzes how the species are related through DNA analysis^[14]

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^ Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 35 (2): 193–207.
^ ^a ^b Egerton, Frank N. (2005-01-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 17: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology during the 1600s". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 86 (3): 133–144.
^ NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"". Studies in the History of Art. 69: 82–107.
^ ^a ^b Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680)". Endeavour. 24 (3): 122–128. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(00)01306-5.
^ Beier, Max. "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.
^ ^a ^b Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.
^ ^a ^b Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.
^ Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
^ Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
^ Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)". Systematic Biology. 43 (2): 212–221. doi:10.2307/2413462.
^ "Invertebrate Zoology". AMNH. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

[1] Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 35 (2): 193–207.

[:4-2] Egerton, Frank N. (2005-01-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 17: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology during the 1600s". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 86 (3): 133–144.

[3] NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"". Studies in the History of Art. 69: 82–107.

[:0-4] Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680)". Endeavour. 24 (3): 122–128. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(00)01306-5.

[5] Beier, Max. "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[:1-6] Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.

[:2-7] Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.

[:3-8] Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.

[9] Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[10] Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[11] Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

[12] Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

[13] Richter, Stefan; Meier, Rudolf (1994-01-01). "The Development of Phylogenetic Concepts in Hennig's Early Theoretical Publications (1947-1966)". Systematic Biology. 43 (2): 212–221. doi:10.2307/2413462.

[14] "Invertebrate Zoology". AMNH. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

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