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Invertebrate zoology:

history/developments (link to name pages of those who have wiki articles about them)
- Early Modern era:
  - Conrad Gesner's Historia Animalum (1551-1587)
    - information from older works; restating the work of Pliny and Aristotle; mixing of old knowledge with own observations^[1]
  - Invention of the microscope in 1599
    - Robert Hooke--working out of England/Royal Society
      - observation of insects (including some larval forms) and other invertebrates (i.e. ticks [Arachnids])
      - Micrographia (1665)^[2]
  - shift towards experimental efforts following efforts of Sir Frances Bacon
  - Jan Swammerdam--Dutch microscopist
    - worked disproving spontaneous generation
    - advancements in anatomy and physiology
      - in entomology: dissections of insects, observation of internal structures^[3]
    - classification of insects based on life histories^[4]
      - work toward proof that egg/larva/pupa/adult are same individual
    - support for 'modern' science over blind belief in the work of philosophers of Antiquity^[3]
- 1700s:
  - naming of species that were relevant to economic pursuits, such as farming (pests and pest control)
  - entomology changed greatly and rapidly^[5]--many zoologists/naturalists working with hexapods
  - parasitology/worms
    - Nicolas Andry de Boisregard--French physician^[5]
      - worms cause disease
      - worms do not spontaneously form in human/animal gut; must be some 'seed' that enters the body and which contains the worm in some form
        spontaneous generation still argued over
    - Antonio Vallisneri^[5]
      - insect reproduction--sawfly
      - parasitic worms--Ascaris and Neoascaris
        worms from eggs
  - Linnaeus
    - insects and intestinal worms in Systema Naturae (first edition published in 1735)^[5]
      - tenth edition as true starting point for modern classification scheme for animals^[6]
    - universal system of classification and binomial nomenclature
      - genus and species, but also higher levels of classification^[7]
      - study of/investigation into biological diversity^[6]
      - based on few characters; artificial system^[8]
      - description of named organisms^[7]
- 1800s
  - Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution by natural selection
    - informed by study of insects while abroad (both Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace)^[9]
    - many species of invertebrate collected while aboard the Beagle (lots of insects)
      - sexual dimorphism, geographic distribution, mimicry
    - immutability of species major hurdle in acceptance of theory^[10]
- Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1888-1969)
  - Wrote many volumes detailing work on invertebrates
  - Awarded Linnean Society Gold Medal for her invertebrate textbooks
  - Did research and furthered knowledge on protozoans, flatworms, and coelenterates ^[11]

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^ Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 35 (2): 193–207.
^ NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"". Studies in the History of Art. 69: 82–107.
^ ^a ^b Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680)". Endeavour. 24 (3): 122–128. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(00)01306-5.
^ Beier, Max. "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.
^ ^a ^b Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.
^ ^a ^b Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.
^ Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.
^ Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
^ Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

[1] Weiss, Harry B. (1927-01-01). "Four Encyclopedic Entomologists of the Renaissance". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 35 (2): 193–207.

[2] NERI, JANICE (2008-01-01). "Between Observation and Image: Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke's "Micrographia"". Studies in the History of Art. 69: 82–107.

[:0-3] Cobb, Matthew (2000-09-01). "Reading and writing The Book of Nature: Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680)". Endeavour. 24 (3): 122–128. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(00)01306-5.

[4] Beier, Max. "The Early Naturalists and Anatomists During the Renaissance and Seventeenth Century." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 90. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[:1-5] Egerton, Frank N. (2008-10-01). "A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 30: Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology During the 1700s". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 89 (4): 407–433. doi:10.1890/0012-9623(2008)89[407:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 2327-6096.

[:2-6] Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009-01-01). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18–31.

[:3-7] Winsor, Mary P. (1976-01-01). "The Development of Linnaean Insect Classification". Taxon. 25 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/1220406.

[8] Tuxen, S L. "Entomology Systematizes and Describes: 1700-1815." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 95-118. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[9] Ross, Herbert H. "Evolution and Phylogeny." In History of Entomology, edited by Ray F. Smith, Thomas E. Mittler, and Carroll N. Smith, 171-84. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc, 1973.

[10] Clark, John F. Bugs and the Victorians. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.

[11] Hyman, Libbie (1991). "Libbie Hyman" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)

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