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Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression

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Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression

Watson and Clark (1991) proposed the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression to help explain the comorbidity between anxious and depressive symptoms and disorders. [1] This model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal. [2][3][1]These three sets of symptoms help explain common and distinct aspects of depression and anxiety. [2]

Factors

Negative Affect

Main Article: Negative Affectivity

Negative affect can be defined as, “the extent to which an individual feels upset or unpleasantly engaged, rather than peaceful”. [1] Negative affect is common in individuals with both anxiety and depression and can be described by negative mood states such as subjective distress, fear, disgust, scorn, and hostility. [4] Mood states that are specific to depression include sadness and loneliness that have large factor loadings on Negative Affect. [4] Some common symptoms of negative affect include: insomnia, restlessness, irritability, and poor concentration. [5]

There is a substantial amount of empirical research on Negative Affect and its role in the tripartite model. For example, the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ)[2]was administered to a sample of college students and a sample of psychiatric patients. The correlations between the specific anxiety scale (anxious arousal) in the MASQ and NA were moderate (rs= .41 and .47), supporting that NA is specific to anxiety disorders, congruent with the tripartite model. [6] Another study consisted of a sample of children (ages 7-14) diagnosed with a principal anxiety disorder. The children completed the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (PANAS-C)[7] The results showed NA was significantly associated with measure of anxiety and depression.[8] A study by Chorpita in 2002, was consistent with the tripartite model. In a large sample of school-aged children, NA was positively correlated with all anxiety and depression scales[9]

Physiological Hyperarousal

Physiological hyperarousal is defined by increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, in response to threat.[10] Physiological hyperarousal is unique to anxiety disorders.[2] Some symptoms of physiological hyperarousal include: shortness of breath, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, dry mouth, trembling or shaking, and sweaty palms (Watson et al., 1995; Laurent, Catanzaro, and Joiner, 2004).

References

  1. ^ a b c Anderson, E., & HOPE, D. (2008). A review of the tripartite model for understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(2), 275-287. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.004
  2. ^ a b c d Clark, L., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316-336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
  3. ^ Brown, T., Chorpita, B., & Barlow, D. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 179-192. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.179
  4. ^ a b Watson, D., Clark, L., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346-353. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346
  5. ^ Watson, D., Weber, K., Assenheimer, J., & Clark, L. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: I. evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 3-14. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.3(Watson et al., 1995)
  6. ^ Clark, D., Steer, R., & Beck, A. (1994). Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: Implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 645-654. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.645
  7. ^ Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S., Joiner, T., Rudolph, K., Potter, K., Lambert, S., . . . Gathright, T. (1999). A measure of positive and negative affect for children: Scale development and preliminary validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 326-338. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.326
  8. ^ Hughes, A., & Kendall, P. (2009). Psychometric properties of the positive and negative affect scale for children (PANAS-C) in children with anxiety disorders. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 40(3), 343-352. doi:10.1007/s10578-009-0130-4
  9. ^ Chorpita, B. (2002). The tripartite model and dimensions of anxiety and depression: An examination of structure in a large school sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(2), 177-190. doi:10.1023/A:1014709417132
  10. ^ Gencoz, F. (2000). Physiological hyperarousal as a specific correlate of symptoms of anxiety among young psychiatric inpatients. Social Behavior and Personality, 28(4), 409. doi:10.2224/sbp.2000.28.4.409
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