Flow visualization

A model Cessna with helium-filled bubbles showing pathlines of the wingtip vortices.

Flow visualization or flow visualisation in fluid dynamics is used to make the flow patterns visible, in order to get qualitative or quantitative information on them.

Overview

Flow visualization is the art of making flow patterns visible. Most fluids (air, water, etc.) are transparent, thus their flow patterns are invisible to us without some special methods to make them visible.

Historically, such methods included experimental methods, like say spilling ink into water. With the importance of computer models in all kinds of engineering growing and huge amounts of data collected from simulating flow processes (e.g. the distribution of air-conditioned air in a new car), purely computational methods have been developed.

Methods of visualization

Shadowgraph of the turbulent plume of hot air rising from a home-barbecue gas grill. Photograph by Gary S. Settles, Floviz Inc.

In experimental fluid dynamics, flows are visualized by three methods:

• Surface flow visualization: This reveals the flow streamlines in the limit as a solid surface is approached. Colored oil applied to the surface of a wind tunnel model provides one example (the oil responds to the surface shear stress and forms a pattern).
• Particle tracer methods: Particles, such as smoke or microspheres, can be added to a flow to trace the fluid motion. We can illuminate the particles with a sheet of laser light in order to visualize a slice of a complicated fluid flow pattern. Assuming that the particles faithfully follow the streamlines of the flow, we can not only visualize the flow but also measure its velocity using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) or particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) methods. Particles with densities that match that of the fluid flow will exhibit the most accurate visualization. Microparticles best suited for PIV applications are brightly colored and highly spherical particles, and specifically colored and fluorescent polyethylene microspheres. It is important for the researches to select the correct microsphere to optimize the performance of the particle in the solution, accuracy of data collected, and success of the fluid flow experiment. For example, the experiment might require the microsphere to stay in suspension for a long time, without settling, or a desired settling velocity might need to be achieved for testing a particular instrument. For this reason, the investigator needs to understand how spherical particles behave in their particular liquid, at specified environmental conditions. This behavior of spherical particles in solution is best characterized by Stoke's law.
• Optical methods: Some flows reveal their patterns by way of changes in their optical refractive index. These are visualized by optical methods known as the shadowgraph, schlieren photography, and interferometry. More directly, dyes can be added to (usually liquid) flows to measure concentrations; typically employing the light attenuation or laser-induced fluorescence techniques.

In scientific visualization flows are visualized with two main methods:

• Analytical methods, that analyse a given flow and show properties like streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines. The flow can either be given in a finite representation or as a smooth function.
• Texture advection methods that "bend" textures (or images) according to the flow. As the image is always finite (the flow though could be given as a smooth function), these methods will visualize approximations of the real flow.

Application

In computational fluid dynamics the numerical solution of the governing equations can yield all the fluid properties in space and time. This overwhelming amount of information must be displayed in a meaningful form. Thus flow visualization is equally important in computational as in experimental fluid dynamics.

See also

• Scientific visualization
• Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines
• Image-based flow visualization
• Lagrangian–Eulerian advection
• Skin friction lines
• Streamlet (scientific visualization)
• Streamsurface
• Tensor glyph
• Texture advection
• Vortex core line

References

• Merzkirch, W. (1987). Flow visualization. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-491351-2.
• Van Dyke, M. (1982). An album of fluid motion. Stanford, CA: Parabolic Press. ISBN 0-915760-03-7.
• Samimy, M.; Breuer, K. S.; Leal, L. G.; Steen, P. H. (2004). A gallery of fluid motion. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82773-6.
• Settles, G. S. (2001). Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques: Visualizing phenomena in transparent media. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-66155-7.
• Smits, A. J.; Lim, T. T. (2000). Flow visualization: Techniques and examples. Imperial College Press. ISBN 1-86094-193-1.

External links

• Flow visualization techniques.
• Flow visualization algorithms.
• Gallery of Flow Visualization Examples.
• Educational Particle Image Velocimetry (e-PIV) - resources and demonstrations
• Floviz Inc., flow visualization instruments and associated technical support
• Density of Aqueous Solution Reference Table