Reflux nephropathy
| Reflux nephropathy | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Nephrology  |
Reflux nephropathy is kidney damage (nephropathy) due to urine flowing backward (reflux) from the bladder toward the kidneys; the latter is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Longstanding VUR can result in small and scarred kidneys during the first five years of life in affected children. The end results of reflux nephropathy can include high blood pressure, excessive protein loss in the urine, and eventually kidney failure.
When reflux nephropathy is suspected as a cause of kidney disease, other conditions to consider include chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy, and analgesic overuse.
The term "reflux nephropathy" was introduced in 1973.[1]
Symptoms/signs
The symptoms of reflux nephropathy are comparable to nephrotic syndrome and infection of the urinary tract, though some individuals may not exhibit any evidence of this condition.[2]
Cause
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
It is diagnosed by micturating cystography; scarring can be demonstrated by ultrasound or DMSA.[medical citation needed]
Treatment
The aim of treatment is to reduce renal scarring. Those children with grade II or worse should receive low dose prophylactic antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole, cefalexin in those with CRF). Hypertension should be managed with ACE inhibitor or ARBs. Other treatment modalities include surgery (endoscopic injection of collagen behind the intra-vesical ureter, ureteric re-implantation or lengthening of the submucosal ureteric tunnel) which has its protagonists.[medical citation needed]
Epidemiology
There is a genetic predisposition, first-degree relatives have a great increase in the chance of VUR. The gene frequency is estimated to be 1:600. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children from 2 to 24 months presenting with a UTI should be investigated for VUR.[citation needed]
References
- ^ Dillon MJ, Goonasekera CD (December 1998). "Reflux nephropathy". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 (12): 2377–83. PMID 9848795.
- ^ "Reflux nephropathy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
Further reading
- Wilkins, Lippincott Williams & (2009-01-01). Professional Guide to Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 414. ISBN 9780781778992.
