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Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages

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Programming languages can be grouped by the number and types of paradigms supported.

Paradigm summaries

A concise reference for the programming paradigms listed in this article.

  • Concurrent programming – have language constructs for concurrency, these may involve multi-threading, support for distributed computing, message passing, shared resources (including shared memory), or futures
    • Actor programming – concurrent computation with actors that make local decisions in response to the environment (capable of selfish or competitive behavior)
  • Constraint programming – relations between variables are expressed as constraints (or constraint networks), directing allowable solutions (uses constraint satisfaction or simplex algorithm)
  • Dataflow programming – forced recalculation of formulas when data values change (e.g. spreadsheets)
  • Declarative programming – describes actions (e.g. HTML describes a page but not how to actually display it)
  • Distributed programming – have support for multiple autonomous computers that communicate via computer networks
  • Functional programming – uses evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data
  • Generic programming – uses algorithms written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated as needed for specific types provided as parameters
  • Imperative programming – explicit statements that change a program state
  • Logic programming – uses explicit mathematical logic for programming
  • Metaprogramming – writing programs that write or manipulate other programs (or themselves) as their data, or that do part of the work at compile time that would otherwise be done at runtime
    • Template metaprogramming – metaprogramming methods in which templates are used by a compiler to generate temporary source code, which is merged by the compiler with the rest of the source code and then compiled
    • Reflective programming – metaprogramming methods in which a program modifies or extends itself
  • Object-oriented programming – uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions (objects) to design programs
    • Class-based – object-oriented programming in which inheritance is achieved by defining classes of objects, versus the objects themselves
    • Prototype-based – object-oriented programming that avoids classes and implements inheritance via cloning of instances
  • Pipeline programming – a simple syntax change to add syntax to nest function calls to language originally designed with none
  • Rule-based programming – a network of rules of thumb that comprise a knowledge base and can be used for expert systems and problem deduction & resolution
  • Visual programming – manipulating program elements graphically rather than by specifying them textually (e.g. Simulink); also termed diagrammatic programming[1]

Language overview

List of multi-paradigm programming languages
Lan­guage Num­ber of Para­digms Con­cur­rent Con­straints Data­flow De­clar­at­ive Dis­trib­uted Func­tion­al Meta­pro­gram­ming Gen­er­ic Im­per­at­ive Lo­gic Re­flec­tion Ob­ject-ori­ented Pipe­lines Visu­al Rule-based Oth­er para­digms
Ada[2][3][4][5][6] 5 Yes[a 1] No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
ALF 2 No No No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No
AmigaE[citation needed] 2 No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
APL 2 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No
BETA [citation needed] 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
C++ 7 (13) Yes[7][8][9] Library[10] Library[11][12] Library[13][14] Library[15][16] Yes Yes[17] Yes[a 3] Yes Library[18][19] Library[20] Yes[a 2] Yes[21] No Library[22] No
ChucK [citation needed] 3 Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Claire 2 No No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Common Lisp (some other paradigms are implemented as libraries)[citation needed] 5 No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Curl 5 No No No No No Yes No Yes[a 3] Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Curry 4 Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No
D (version 2.0)[23][24] 6 Yes[a 4] No No No No Yes Yes[25][a 3] Yes[a 3] Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Dylan[citation needed] 2 No No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
E 3 Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
ECMAScript[26][27] (ActionScript, E4X, JavaScript, JScript) 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 5] No No No No
Embarcadero Delphi 3 No No No No No No No Yes[a 3] Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Erlang 3 Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No
F# 7 (8) Yes[a 4] No Library[a 6] Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No reactive[a 7]
Falcon 4 No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Fortran 4 Yes No No No No Yes[a 8] No Yes[a 9] No No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Io 4 Yes[a 4] No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 5] No No No No
J [citation needed] 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Java 6 Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Julia 9 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes "multiple dispatch" Yes No No Multiple dispatch
and Array
LabVIEW 2 Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes No Yes No No
Lava 2 No No No No No No No No No No No Yes[a 2] No Yes No No
Leda 4 No No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes[a 2] No No No No
LispWorks (version 6.0 with support for symmetric multi-processing, rules, logic (Prolog), CORBA) 9 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes[a 2] No No Yes No
Lua [citation needed] 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 5] No No No No
MATLAB 9 Yes[28] Yes[29] Yes[30] No Yes[31] No Yes[32] Yes[33] No No Yes[34] Yes[35] No Yes[36] No Array
Nemerle 7 Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Object Pascal 4 Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
OCaml 4 No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Oz 9 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes[a 2] No No Yes No
Perl [citation needed] 8 (9) Yes[37] Library[38] Yes[39] No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes[a 2] Yes[a 2] Yes No No No
PHP[40][41][42] 4 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Pliant [citation needed] 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
PointDragon 3 No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No
Poplog 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No
Prograph 3 No No Yes No No No No No No No No Yes[a 2] No Yes No No
Python[citation needed] 4 Library No No No No Partial Yes No Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
R 5 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Array
Racket 6 No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No
ROOP 3 No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No
Ruby 4 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Rust (version 1.0.0-alpha) 8 Yes[a 4] No No No No Yes Yes[43][44] Yes[45] Yes No No Yes No No No linear, affline, and ownership types
Sather[citation needed] 2 No No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
Scala[46][47] 9 Yes[a 4] No Yes [a 10] Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No No
Simula[citation needed] 2 No No No No No No No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No No
SISAL 3 Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No
Spreadsheets 2 No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No Yes No No
Swift 4 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 2] No No No block-structured
Tcl with Snit extension [citation needed] 3 No No No No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes[a 5] No No No No
Visual Basic .NET 6 (7) Yes No Library[a 6] No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] No No No reactive[a 7]
Windows PowerShell 6 No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes[a 2] Yes No No No
Wolfram Language & Mathematica 14[48] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Knowledge Based
  1. ^ rendezvous and monitor-like based
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Class-based
  3. ^ a b c d e Template metaprogramming
  4. ^ a b c d e actor programming
  5. ^ a b c d Prototype-based
  6. ^ a b using TPL Dataflow
  7. ^ a b using Reactive Extensions (Rx)
  8. ^ purely functional
  9. ^ parameterized classes
  10. ^ Akka


See also

References

  1. ^ Bragg, S.D.; Driskill, C.G. (20–22 September 1994). "Diagrammatic-graphical programming languages and DoD-STD-2167A". IEEEXplore. IEEE.
  2. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
  3. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
  4. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
  5. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
  6. ^ Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
  7. ^ Thread support
  8. ^ Atomics support
  9. ^ Memory model
  10. ^ Gecode
  11. ^ SystemC
  12. ^ Boost.Iostreams
  13. ^ Boolinq
  14. ^ AraRat
  15. ^ OpenMPI
  16. ^ Boost.MPI
  17. ^ Boost.MPL
  18. ^ LC++
  19. ^ Castor
  20. ^ Reflect Library
  21. ^ N3534
  22. ^ Boost.Spirit
  23. ^ D Language Feature Table
  24. ^ Phobos std.algorithm
  25. ^ D language String Mixins
  26. ^ The Little JavaScripter demonstrates fundamental commonality with Scheme, a functional language.
  27. ^ Object Oriented Programming in JavaScript gives an overview of object-oriented programming techniques in JavaScript.
  28. ^ Execute loop iterations in parallel with parfor
  29. ^ Write constraints with Optimization Toolbox
  30. ^ SimEvents
  31. ^ Execute loop iterations in parallel with parfor
  32. ^ Execute MATLAB expression in text string with eval
  33. ^ Determine class of object
  34. ^ Getting information about classes and objects
  35. ^ Object-oriented programming with MATLAB
  36. ^ Simulink
  37. ^ interpreter based threads
  38. ^ Moose
  39. ^ Higher Order Perl
  40. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
  41. ^ PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5)
  42. ^ PHP Manual, Anonymous functions
  43. ^ "The Rust macros guide". http://rust-lang.org/. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  44. ^ "The Rust compiler plugins guide". http://rust-lang.org. Retrieved 19 January 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  45. ^ The Rust Reference §6.1.3.1
  46. ^ An Overview of the Scala Programming Language
  47. ^ Scala Language Specification
  48. ^ Notes for Programming Language Experts, Wolfram Language Documentation.
  • Multiparadigm Design for C++, by Jim Coplien, 1998.
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