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Pay to fly

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'Pay-to-fly' programs.,[1] sometimes referred to as 'pay-to-fly' [2] or 'p2f',[3] also known as 'self-sponsored line training',[4] are an aviation industry practice whereby a professional pilot operates an aircraft on revenue-earning commercial operation [5] by paying for it.[6]

Prices range from around 14,000 euros [7] to sometimes over 85,000 euros [8][9] for a 'flight hour package' of generally 500 hours [6][10][11] on an airliner,[10][11][12] no salaries involved.[6][8][13][14][15] When remuneration is offered,[16] substantial loans [17] to third parties (brokers), are enforced,[18] that outweigh (pilots') financial gain.[19][20]

Typical 'customers' include, but are not limited to, 'low timers' (inexperienced pilots) and low-hour type rated pilots [21] (e.g B737 type rated -or qualified-, A320 type rated etc...) that pay to work to build hours and improve their odds at finding an employment as airline pilots,[22] thus challenging the 'pilot shortage' mainstream consensus.[23][24]

The practice extends to airline-dedicated pilot training, in the form of type ratings available for a check,[25][26][27][28] no employment guarantee at stakes, where pilots further shift from investment-worth company assets to source of revenue.

FAA

The Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash led to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) passing new pilot qualification standards.[23] These standards also addressed a mandate passed by the U.S. Congress when they enacted H.R. 5900 (111th),[29] the Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010.[30]

This act also foresaw the modification of "requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate"[31] in ways that were implemented by FAA's regulation & policie n°8900.225 titled Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations on July 10, 2013 [32]

Aforementioned regulation reduced the scope of 'pay-to-fly' among FAA licensees by raising minimum standards.[23] Indeed, to serve as SIC (Second In Command or First Officer) :

"A pilot may be eligible if he or she was a military-trained pilot; a graduate of a four-year bachelor degree program with an aviation major; a graduate of a two-year associate degree program with an aviation major; or has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot".[33]

No regulations explicitly ban 'pay-to-fly'.

EASA

In Europe, among EASA licence holders, 'pay-to-fly' is a practice acknowledged to exist,[1][34] though, "neither the European Commission, nor the EASA care":[6]

"The fact that some airline companies have their personnel pay doesn't play in aviation safety regulation, as long as they are technically qualified",[6] said an EASA spokesman.

Switzerland

According to FOCA vice director Marcel Zuckschwerdt:[35]

"There is no regulation that would prohibit from doing this [pay-to-fly], it is absolutely possible. One can wonder of course, is it safe? Is it acceptable in terms of safety? And when we examined the matter, we reached the conclusion that, in the end, it's the pilot motivation that is the argument to say it is satisfying in terms of safety" [9] (at 9':50")

France

'Pay-to-fly' is illegal per social regulation as a work contract can be established on demand by a judge as long as:

  1. there's a proven subordination relationship between the service provider and the party benefiting from said service;
  2. the moral or physical person benefiting from the service enforces a framework to which the service provider abides.

Legal action can be taken in case of violation, and sanctions can amount from 45,000 to 220,000 euros in fines and 3 years of prison.[36] According to the French DGAC, "pay-to-fly is not used among carriers operated under the French flag" [6] which doesn't prevent French pilots from suffering from it.[6][8][22]

Statistics

In December 2014, graduate student pilots from the ENAC (French Civil Aviation University) alone, reported under the AGEPAC association that, from 2006 to 2011 concerning a sample of 319 pilots:[37]

  • 15% were unpaid workers/without activity/reporting to employment centers[38]
  • 42% didn't have an activity allowing them to fly[39]
  • 44% deemed their activity wasn't in accordance with their training [39]
  • Salaried contracts dropped from 94% in 2006 to 15% in 2011 in a continuous descending trend[40]

As a result, fueling 'pay-to-fly' abroad:

Norway

The Civil Aviation Authority, responsible for aviation safety in Norway, is not concerned.

According to Frode Lenning, head of Fleet Operation Section, CAA: “Pilots have been trained within commercial companies for years. However, it is new that some companies ask money to train pilots within their own company [...] We have been training cadet pilots in the cockpit for years, at different levels. What is new here, is the social aspect, and this is not part of the aviation safety regulatory system” [19]".

However, during the pilots' strike of Norwegian in March 2015,[42] 'pay-to-fly' airline Small Planet Airlines [43] performed 50 NAS slots under wet lease,[19] establishing a workforce that pay to work while at the same time breaking their colleagues' strike.

Netherlands

Since 2008 the job market for pilots has deteriorated rapidly. Most pilots that have been trained at a Dutch flight school have to look for a job abroad. According to VNV-DALPA the job market for ab initio pilots is poor. "Some companies outside the Netherlands do hire pilots, but these are so-called pay to fly-schemes. This means pilots have to invest a lot of money for a badly paid job and a temporary contract".

Statistics

In February 2015 the Dutch Airline Pilots Association (VNV - Dutch ALPA) reported that 1,200 Dutch pilots out of 4,100 worldwide (almost 30%) were unemployed.[44] The unemployment rate remains high.

Germany

Statistics

From a 2013 Der Spiegel article, "According to calculations by [VC spokesman Handwerg]'s union, there are already more than 1,500 unemployed pilots in Germany, an upward trend".[45]

Controversy

Pros

File:Baltic Aviation Academy, aviation visionary.png
"If you choose paid Line Training you gain the “luxury” of choosing the airline which you would love to work for"_BAA

Defending the 'pay-to-fly' model, a Cockpit4u spokeswoman stated: "It opens up career starters opportunities that are currently not offered on the European market. Abroad such training programs have been common for years".[46]

Baltic Aviation Academy's view: When employed regularly, one "will most likely sign an agreement which indicates some sort of liabilities [...] and concessions for the company" that will "commit [oneself] to fly for a few years with that airline" with a "salary deduction from your monthly payment" in order to reimburse the airline's investment on the pilot whereas, one can "choose paid Line Training" to gain "independence" and avoid being "absolutely in [an airline's] service", to "gain the 'luxury' of choosing the airline which you would love to work for and ability to focus on the job which will bring you everyday pleasure" [47]

"Independence" comes at 19,500 euros the type rating, to which a line training opportunity can be added that "can vary from 46,000 to 55,000 euros" [26]

Of course no one is happy to pay 55 000 euros to work, that's why most of the pilot going for "pay to fly" do so after a long thinking process. Unfortunately no statistic exist regarding the employement rate for the pilots after "pay to fly" but at least they meet the minimum requirements to fly in an airline.

Cons

The spreading of the practice is linked to the rise of pilot generations "slowly strangled by their debt"[48] where, pilot unions warn, "only the wealthiest, rather than the best, candidates will become pilots, because growing numbers of airlines are having their cadets pay to fly" [49]

The ECA considers pay-to-fly as being "flexible contractual set-ups that are often at the edge of what is legal and what is necessary to guarantee flight safety".[34]

"These set-ups force employees into temporary contract relationships, fake self-employment (e.g. requiring air crew to set up their own limited liability company that offers its services though agencies to the airline), and/or making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and ‘pay to fly’ (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft)" [34]

Aside from a French senator report of information in the name of European commission affairs on social dumping in transports[1] and a European petition supported by the SNPL, as far as 'pay-to-fly' is concerned, no regulation and no legislation have been proposed so far.

Most of the actions made against "pay to fly" are made by people who are not related to this practice which decrease the level of credibility of those actions. Moreover no link between "pay to fly" and air safety is clearly established.

Airlines and brokers involved

When the information is available, brokers also aviation schools are prefixed: *

TRTOs (Type Rating Training Organisations) prefixed: **

Broker (when applicable) Airlines Type Ratings Line Training
Aircrew Training Center (ATC) [50] Farnair (and subsidiary Farnair Training), Enter Air,[50] SkyWork Airlines [50] Yes [28][50][51] Yes [28][50][51]
*Atlantic Flight Academy (AFA) Atlasjet Yes [52][53] Yes [53]
(Unknown) Air Baltic (and subsidiary *Air Baltic Training) Yes [27][54] Yes [54]
**Aviation Training Center of Tunisia (ATCT) Nouvelair,[13][14] Tunisair [15] Yes [55][56] Yes [13][14][15][57] (1)
Atrans Aviation (Unknown) No Yes[58][59]
Aviation CV (Unknown) No Yes[60]
***Baltic Aviation Academy Atlasjet,[61] Estonian Air [61] Yes [25][26] (not Atlasjet) [61] Yes [25][26] (not Estonian Air) [61]
(Unknown) Blue Panorama Airlines No No
Brookfield Aviation International (Unknown) No No
CAE Parc (Unknown) No No
**Cockpit4U Germania [6][62] Yes [6][62][63] Yes [6][62]
Direct Personnel (Unknown) No No
Eagle Jet [11] Lion Air [11][64] No Yes [11][64]
ETOPS Flight [7] Royal Air Maroc Express [7] Yes (broker only [65][66][67] ) Yes [7]
Fly Gosh (Unknown) No No
Knots Aviation (Unknown) Yes[68][69] Yes [70]
(Unknown) Pegasus Airlines Yes [71] Yes [71]
Pilot Management Services [18][20] Small Planet Airlines [18] No Yes [10]
Rishworth Wings Air, Vietnam Airlines[72] No Yes [73]
*Stella Aviation International (SAI) (Unknown) Yes [74] No
TRTOagency (Unknown) Yes [75] No
Type & Train (Unknown) No No
*UAB Sabenavita Aviacijos Akademija (Unknown) No No
World Airline Services Air Asia, Hainan Airlines No No

(1) "Note that [ATCT] work[s] very closely with Brookfield Aviations, the world leading pilot Brookers [sic] who will place you in an airline".[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c BOCQUET, Éric (April 10, 2014). "RAPPORT D´INFORMATION FAIT au nom de la commission des affaires européennes sur le dumping social dans les transports européens" (PDF) (in French). Sénat (french Senate). p. 41.
  2. ^ Levin, Alan (May 21, 2009). "Airline that trained Buffalo crash pilot fined $1.3M". USA TODAY.
  3. ^ http://fr.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=p2f
  4. ^ Community Manager for Pilotman.net, Kevin. "What You Don't Know About Line Training".
  5. ^ Marques, Charles. "Cockpit Crews PAY TO FLY". Aviation Business Magazine. No. January 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jadot, Jérôme (June 17, 2014). "Quand le copilote aussi paie sa place dans l'avion... (When the copilot also pays for his seat in the plane)". France Info (radio) (in French).
  7. ^ a b c d CHAUVAC, Pierre-Gabriel (2012). "AGREEMENT FOR LINE TRAINING PROGRAM WITH Royal Air Maroc Express" (PDF). http://www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight Asia Limited. p. 8. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Poussery, Lionel (September 4, 2014). "Profession pilote : la fin du rêve? (Pilot profession : the end of the dream?)". France 2 (national TV) (in French).
  9. ^ a b Nègre, Laurent; Engel, Raphaël (August 28, 2014). "Qui est le pilote dans l'avion ? (Who is the pilot in the airliner)". RTS - Radio Television Suisse (in French). Temps Présent.
  10. ^ a b c Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.1, TO THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). http://www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. p. 1. Agreement is concluded for a fixed term till Employee reaches 500 block hours on Airbus A320 type as First Officer {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  11. ^ a b c d e Stephane Hoinville. "Eagle Jet International AGREEMENT". http://www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet. Student will fly with Eagle's partner airline Lion Air from Indonesia here after knows as (Airline) [...] Five hundred (500) B737 NG block hours {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  12. ^ "Occupational Training Agreement Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH". http://www.cockpit4u.com/. Cockpit4u Aviation Service GmbH. December 7, 2012. p. 1. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  13. ^ a b c "march 2012 nouvelair & ATCT contract" (PDF). http://www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  14. ^ a b c "fev 2012 nouvelair contract" (PDF). http://www.nouvelair.com/. Nouvel Air Tunisia. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d "march 2012 tunisair contract" (PDF). http://www.tunisair.com/. Tunisair. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  16. ^ Vytautas Kaikaris. "Annex no.2, TO THE EMPOYMENT AGREEMENT no.** dated **/**/2012" (PDF). http://www.smallplanet.aero/ (in Polish and English). Warsaw: Small Planet Airlines. The Employer shall undertake the obligation to pay the Employee 1500 PLN monthly salary {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  17. ^ "LOAN AGREEMENT No.****-**" (PDF). http://www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 4. 3.1.1. Total 36 000EUR for line training and up to 500 block hours of flying. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  18. ^ a b c Viktorija Dunciene. "SERVICE CONTRACT **/**/2013 No.2013****" (PDF). http://www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services (Cyprus) LTD. p. 8. I. The Third opertor: Small Planet airlines {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  19. ^ a b c Mathias Vedeler; Paal Wergeland (March 11, 2015). "Norwegian kjøpte seg ut av pilotkrisen med omstridt selskap fra Litauen (Norwegian uses controversial airline from Lithuania to solve their pilot crisis)". NRK (in Norwegian).
  20. ^ a b Viktorija Dunciene. "Loan Schedule - ANNEX No. 1 to the SERVICE AGREEMENT No.*******" (PDF). http://www.pilotmanagement.com.cy/. Pilot Management Services. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  21. ^ "january 2015 First Officer Eagle Jet offer on Convair 580" (PDF). http://www.eaglejet.net/. Eagle Jet International. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  22. ^ a b Le Diouris, Pauline (September 19, 2013). "Pour les jeunes pilotes de ligne, le ciel doit attendre (For young airline pilots, the sky must wait)". Slate (in French).
  23. ^ a b c Bachman, Justin (February 11, 2014). "Yes, There's a Pilot Shortage: Salaries Start at $21,000". Bloomberg Businessweek. In 2010, Congress mandated that airlines' first officers would need [...] at least 1,500 flight hours as opposed to the 250 hours and commercial pilot certificate previously required. The new rules, which took effect in August, came in response to the 2009 crash of a Continental Express regional flight // ALPA President Lee Moak said [...] that aimed to refute the "myth" of such a shortage
  24. ^ ALPA Staff (April 2014). "A Pilot Shortage? Nope. It's All About the Money" (PDF). Air Line Pilot.
  25. ^ a b c "BAA - Type Rating & Line Training online advertisement" (PDF). http://www.balticaa.com/for-pilots/type-rating/. Baltic Aviation Academy. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  26. ^ a b c d Egle Vaitkeviciute. "Training Service Contract, GENERAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS" (PDF). http://www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/p2f/. Baltic Aviation Academy. pp. 5–6. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  27. ^ a b "Type Rating Course: Boeing 737". http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/. Air Baltic Training. For the graduates of our Boeing 737 Type Rating course we offer NG Difference training for a very special price! {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  28. ^ a b c "Program Overview and Price List ATR 42/72 Type Rating and Line Flying Building Experience (LEP)" (PDF). http://www.farnair.com/Html/Company/FARNAIRTraining.php. FARNAIR Training GmbH. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  29. ^ "Press Release – FAA Boosts Aviation Safety with New Pilot Qualification Standards". http://www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  30. ^ "Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010 publisher=U.S. Government" (PDF). Retrieved December 29, 2014. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help)
  31. ^ "AIRLINE SAFETY AND FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION EXTENSION ACT OF 2010" (PDF). http://www.gpo.gov/. [US] Government printing Office. Aug 1, 2010. p. 21. requirements for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  32. ^ "8900.225 - Pilot Certification and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations". http://www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  33. ^ "Table 5. Receive an ATP Certificate With Restricted Privileges (Restricted to Serving as SIC in Part 121 Operations—Multiengine Class Rating Only)" (Table 5. right column. (5)). http://www.faa.gov/. Federal Aviation Administration. July 10, 2013. p. 4. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  34. ^ a b c "Fair Competition in aviation is a must!". https://www.eurocockpit.be/. European Cockpit Association. [...] making use of fake work bases in non-European countries, and 'pay-to-fly' (P2F) programs (whereby newly graduated pilots have to pay their airline for gaining flying experience on an aircraft) {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  35. ^ "Marcel Zuckschwerdt nouveau sous-directeur à l'OFAC". http://www.bazl.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en (in French). OFAC/FOCA. November 30, 2000. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  36. ^ "Contrat de travail". http://contrat-de-travail.comprendrechoisir.com/ (in French). ComprendreChoisir. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  37. ^ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). http://www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  38. ^ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). http://www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 6. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  39. ^ a b "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). http://www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 7. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  40. ^ "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). http://www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 8. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  41. ^ a b "STATISTIQUES DES ELEVES PILOTES DE LIGNE PROMOTIONS 2006 - 2011" (PDF). http://www.agepac.org/ (in French). AGEPAC (Association Générale des Elèves Pilotes de l’Aviation Civile). p. 11. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  42. ^ "Norwegian Pilots End Strike After Deal Reached With Airline". ABC News Internet Ventures. March 10, 2015.
  43. ^ "Small Planet Airline p2f setup with Pilot Management Services (Cyprus)". http://www.smallplanet.aero/. Small Planet Airlines. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  44. ^ Driessen, Camil (February 26, 2015). "Komt Turkish Airlines hier 500 werkloze piloten uit de brand helpen? (Is Turkish Airlines coming to the rescue of 500 unemployed pilots?)". NRCQ (in Dutch).
  45. ^ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German). 14: 61. Nach Berechnungen seiner Gewerkschaft gibt es in Deutschland bereits jetzt über 1500 arbeitslose Piloten, Tendenz: steigend.
  46. ^ Deckstein Dinah (March 30, 2013). "Prekariat am Himmel (Precarity in the sky)". Der Spiegel (in German). 14: 61. Es eröffne Berufseinsteigern "Chancen, die sich im europäischen Markt derzeit nicht bieten". Derartige Trainingsprogramme seien im Ausland schon seit Jahren üblich.
  47. ^ "Line Training: to pay or not to pay?". http://www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 25, 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  48. ^ Groenendijk-Feenstra, Nienke (October 18, 2013). "Pilots are slowly strangled by their debt". AirObserver.
  49. ^ "Even the pilots pay on some low-cost flights". http://www.undependent.co.uk. The Independent. December 29, 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  50. ^ a b c d e "TYPE RATING PROGRAM". http://www.aircrewcenter.nl/index.php?lang=en. The Aircrew Training Center is preferred supplier for Enter Air, FARNAIR and SkyWork Airlines. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  51. ^ a b "Flight Training". http://www.enterair.pl/. Enter Air. Practical training [...] is divided into two phases: the first phase are school flights (on an "empty" plane); the second phase are trainee airline flights (scheduled flights). {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  52. ^ "A320 Family Type Rating Training". http://www.afa.aero/. AFA - Atlantic Flight Academy. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  53. ^ a b "Atlasjet pilot jobs Wiki". http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. December 15, 2014. Atlasjet Pilot Jobs Situation: Current Situation: type rating + line training 100 hours for local via AFA {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  54. ^ a b "Dash 8 Q400 Type Rating + Line Training". http://www.airbaltictraining.com/en/training-services/flight-crew-training/. Air Baltic Training. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  55. ^ Tarek Benaissi. "Our Training Services". http://www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Aviation Training Center of Tunisia. Available courses: Type Rating {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  56. ^ Tarek Benaissi; Hela Chiha. "ATCT - A320 Family JAA Type Rating Special Promotion" (PDF). http://www.atct.com.tn/index.php. ATCT. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  57. ^ Tarek Benaissi (September 1, 2012). "A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia". http://www.atct.com.tn/index.php. Tarek Benaissi, Quality Manager at ATCT. A320 JAA Type Rating + Base training + Line training available in ATCT Tunisia, for more information please contact me : tarek.benaissi@atct.com.tn {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  58. ^ "Vietnam - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). http://www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  59. ^ "Cambodia - Airbus 320 - 500 Hours Line Training plus 1 year job contract" (PDF). http://www.atransaviation.com/. Atrans Aviation. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  60. ^ Gabrielius BileviĊius. "EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM AviationCV" (PDF). http://www.aviationcv.com/. Aviation CV. pp. 7–8, 10. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  61. ^ a b c d "Baltic Aviation Academy News Overview". http://www.balticaa.com/. Baltic Aviation Academy. February 28, 2012. Baltic Aviation Academy has signed a new partnership contract with the Turkish airlines Atlas Jet. The agreement consists of line training package which enable pilots to gather 300-500 flight hours. Type rating contract was signed with Estonian Air. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  62. ^ a b c Jost Haugust (June 25, 2012). "Germania - company reference for Cockpit4U" (PDF). http://www.flygermania.de/en/. Germania. I highly recommend them [Cockpit4U] to any client or other airline as 100% reliable Type Rating Training Organization {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  63. ^ "Type Rating". http://www.cockpit4u.com/en/start/. Cockpit4u. Cockpit4u is the right partner for the type rating training you need. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  64. ^ a b "ADDENDUM - Eagle Jet/Lion Air 737 NG agreement extract". http://lionair.co.id/. Lion Air. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  65. ^ "ETOPS Type Rating on ATR 42/72-500". http://www.etops.net/. ETOPS flight. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  66. ^ "ETOPS Type Rating on Airbus 320". http://www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  67. ^ "ETOPS Type Rating on Boeing 737NG". http://www.etops.net/. ETOPS Flight. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  68. ^ "A320 JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". http://knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes A320 Type Rating {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  69. ^ "B737 NG JAA/DGCA/GACA/JCARC/DCAA Type Rating". http://knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation provides the best type rating training at unbeatable price [...] Price Includes B737 Type Rating {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  70. ^ "Knots Aviation - Line Training". http://knotsaviation.com/. Knots Aviation. Knots Aviation offers Line Training on Airbus A320 Boeing CL/NG to the pilots in East Europe through its collaborative partnerships with reputed airlines. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  71. ^ a b "Pegasus Airlines pilot jobs Wiki". http://www.pilotjobsnetwork.com/. October 9, 2009. TR costs 18 000 euro. Plus 6000 euro for 100hrs line training 737 {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  72. ^ "Vietnam Airlines Pilot Jobs". http://www.rishworthaviation.com/home.aspx. Rishworth Aviation. Rishworth Aviation is proud to be the preferred supplier of Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and has a strong an cooperative 14+ year relationship with the airline {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  73. ^ Capt. To Ngoc Giang (January 26, 2015). "Line training project". http://www.vietnamairlines.com/vi/Welcome. Vietnam Airlines - flight crew division 919. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  74. ^ "SAI - Training courses". SAI aims to provide you with high quality training solutions such as Multi Pilot License (MPL) [...] and Type Rating courses.
  75. ^ "Crew Training". http://www.trtoagency.it/. TRTOagency. A320, A330, Beechcraft Type ratings {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
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