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Development hell

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In media industry jargon, development hell (or development limbo) is a state during which a film or other project remains in development without progressing to production. A film, video game, television program, screenplay, computer program,[1] concept, or idea stranded in development hell takes an especially long time to start production, or never does. Projects in development hell are not officially cancelled, but work on them slows or stops.

Overview

Film industry companies often buy the film rights to many popular novels, video games, and comic books, but it may take years for such properties to be successfully brought to the cinema, and often with considerable changes to the plot, characters, and general tone. The original creators of the source material usually have very little to no involvement in the films' creative control, creating a divide among fans.[2] This pre-production process can last for months or years. More often than not, a project trapped in this state for a prolonged period of time will be abandoned by all interested parties or canceled outright. As Hollywood starts ten times as many projects as are those released, many scripts will end up in this limbo state.[3] This happens most often with projects that have multiple interpretations and affect several points of view.[4][5]

Causes

In the case of a film or television screenplay, the screenwriter may have successfully sold a screenplay to producers or studio executives, but then new executives assigned to the project may raise objections to prior decisions, mandating rewrites and recasting. As directors and actors join the project, further rewrites and recasting may be done, to accommodate the needs of the new talents involved in the project. Should the project fail to meet their needs, they might leave the project or simply refuse to complete it, resulting in further rewrites and recasting. At any point, a project may be forced to begin again from scratch.

It may also be the case that the screenwriters have an issue with the final rights agreement after signing an option, requiring research on the chain of title. The project may be stuck until the situation is resolved and project participants are happy with the full terms, or the project is abandoned.

When a film is in development but never receives the necessary production funds, another studio may execute a turnaround deal and produce the film to make it successful. An example of this is when Columbia Pictures developed, but then stopped production of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Universal Pictures then picked up the film and made it a success. If a studio completely abandons a film project, the costs are written off as part of the studio's overhead.[6] Sometimes studios or producers will deliberately halt production in order to stop competition on a different project, or to ensure that people invested will be available for other projects that the studio prefers.

During a potential writer's strike in 2001, major studios wanted to spend less time and energy bidding on longer-term developments, such as film rights to books. Instead they focused more on buying projects that would immediately receive a green-light such as big budget action thrillers, and high concept comedies written by established and credible writers. Studio executives put all uncertain scripts and pitches on the shelves during this time to avoid taking a chance on a long-term development, and only wanted projects that were ready to go into production.[citation needed] Some studios and producers still bought film rights to books, but only ones that had successful sales. Examples of this are Dino De Laurentiis' $9 million acquisition of Thomas Harris' Hannibal and Miramax purchasing Mario Puzo's Omertà for $2–$3 million.[7]

In software development, unreleased products that have been in long-term development are considered a type of vaporware. In film and television screenplay, unreleased products that have been in long-term development are considered as "vaporfilm". The anime OVA adaptation of Alien Nine has been cited by fans and critics as an example of "vaporfilm" because it was put on hiatus in 2002 after four episodes.

Examples

Films

  • Alien vs. Predator
    Alien vs. Predator was first planned to be a crossover after the release of Predator 2 and was planned to be released somewhere in 1993. It was halted for more than a decade, with constant actor changing and re-starts and failed promotions of the film until it was finally released in 2004.[8]
  • A.I. Artificial Intelligence
    Originally a joint project led by Steven Spielberg and Stanley Kubrick, it was halted with Kubrick's death and finished by Spielberg two years later.[9]
  • Akira
    Warner Bros. has been developing a live-action American version of the animated film for years. As of January 6, 2012, Warner has "shut down" production for the fourth time.[10]
  • Atlas Shrugged
    Film and later television adaptations of Atlas Shrugged were in development hell for nearly 40 years[11] before the famous novel was finally brought to screen in the first part of a trilogy in 2011. Part II appeared in 2012 and Part III, was released in September 2014.[12]
  • Atuk
    A film adaptation of the novel The Incomparable Atuk. Several principals involved in the film have died over the more than 10 years the film has been in development hell.[13]
  • Beverly Hills Cop III
    Went through multiple script revisions, including a treatment that had Axel Foley teaming up with a Scotland Yard detective to be played by Sean Connery until being finally released.[14][15][16][17]
  • The failure of Batman & Robin also hindered many attempts to produce a fifth Batman movie until Warner Brothers opted to reboot the franchise with far greater success.[18]
  • The Brazilian Job
    A sequel to the 2003 remake of The Italian Job was in development by the summer of 2004, but has faced multiple delays. Principal photography was initially slated to begin in March 2005, with a projected release date in November or December 2005.[19] However, the script was never finalized, and the release date was pushed back to sometime in 2006,[20] and later summer 2007.[21] Writer David Twohy approached Paramount Pictures with an original screenplay entitled The Wrecking Crew, and though the studio reportedly liked the idea, they thought it would work better as a sequel to The Italian Job.[22] Gray was slated to return as director, as well as most, if not all, of the original cast.[21][22] At least two drafts of the script had been written by August 2007, but the project had not been greenlit.[23]
  • Dallas Buyers Club
    Screenplay was written in September 1992 by Craig Borten. Throughout the 1990s, he wrote 10 different scripts for it to be picked up. It was unable to secure financial backing, going through three different directors, before Jean-Marc Vallée directed its late-2013 release.[24]
  • Foodfight!
    In 2004, the CGI film Foodfight was announced. Described as "Toy Story in a supermarket", the film promised to bring together over 80 famous advertising characters with voice talent including Charlie Sheen, Hilary and Haylie Duff, Wayne Brady, and Eva Longoria. Director Lawrence Kasanoff expected it to be a commercial hit and merchandise for the movie appeared on store shelves before the film had a release date. Unfortunately, the film ran into many problems.[25] After several years, a trailer[26] was finally shown at AHM in 2011, a company bought the DVD distribution rights for the film in Europe,[27] and a quiet video-on-demand American release came in 2012, to extremely critical reviews.
  • The Hobbit Trilogy
    The Hobbit went through development hell, before finally being greenlit.[28] The film then suffered additional problems involving creative control and the studio's refusal to allow filming to take place in New Zealand, where the preceding film series The Lord of the Rings had been shot. This was a deal-breaker for director Guillermo del Toro, who left the project. Peter Jackson retook control of the project and split it into three films, released in December 2012, 2013 and 2014.
  • Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil
    The film was originally announced for release in January 2010, however, the creator himself wasn't sure when, if ever, it would be released.[29] The film finally came out in April 2011. This meant Hayden Panettiere had two movies saved from development hell in 2011, as Fireflies In The Garden had a long wait before US release due to mixed reactions in Europe and distributor difficulties—it was eventually released in October of that year.
  • ID Forever Part I and II
    The sequels to Independence Day were in development hell from 1997 until 2009, when director Roland Emmerich announced the pre-production of the films to be shot back-to-back.[30] ID Forever Part I is scheduled for a July 1, 2016 release.[31]
  • The Jetsons Live-action film
    A live-action adaptation of The Jetsons was first announced in late 1984 by Paramount Pictures. The film was to be executive produced by Gary Nardino and released in 1985, but failed to do so.[32] In the late 1980s Universal Studios purchased the film rights for The Flintstones and The Jetsons from Hanna-Barbera Productions. The result was the animated film Jetsons: The Movie, which was released in 1990. In May 2007, director Robert Rodriguez entered talks with Universal Studios and Warner Bros. to film a live action film adaptation of The Jetsons for a potential 2009 theatrical release, having at the time discussed directing a film adaptation of Land of the Lost with Universal. Rodriguez was uncertain which project he would pursue next, though the latest script draft for The Jetsons by assigned writer Adam F. Goldberg was further along in development.[33] The film was to be released in 2012. However, in early 2012, Warner Bros. Pictures delayed indefinitely the release of the film. Also in 2012, Warner Bros. hired the screenwriting duo Van Robichaux and Evan Susser to rewrite the script. Producer Denise Di Novi said in 2011 that Rodriguez was off the project as his vision for the movie “wasn’t a mainstream studio version”. Kanye West reported via Twitter earlier this month that he was in talks to be creative director on ‘The Jetsons’. [34]
  • The Keith Moon Movie
    A biopic of The Who drummer Keith Moon was first floated by The Who's singer Roger Daltrey in 1994. A competing movie by Keith Moon's personal manager, Peter "Dougal" Butler, produced by Robert DeNiro and written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, was cancelled in 1998 after Daltrey had Pete Townshend deny the use of music by The Who.[35] Since then, some major names have been attached to the movie (a script by Alex Cox[36] among many written, and a starring role for Robbie Williams[37] or Mike Myers[38]) but no script has yet gotten Roger Daltrey's approval.[39] As of 2013, the movie is attached to Exclusive Media and Da Vinci Media Ventures.[40]
  • Me and My Shadow
    A animated fantasy comedy film from DreamWorks Animation that would feature the studio's signature CG animation mixed with traditional hand-drawn animation. Was announced in December 2010 and slated for a release date in March 2013.[41] It would then see two release date changes, first to November 2013[42] and then to March 2014.[43] In February of 2013, it was announced that the film had gone back into development with an unknown release date.[44]
  • The Postman
    Author David Brin described the ten-year effort to get his novel produced as a film. Production began in 1987, but the final film was not released until 1997. In the process, the screenplay went through so many revisions that the shooting script only loosely resembled the book, and later writers "borrowed" elements from the book to improve the film. Finally, the film was a box-office bomb and was negatively reviewed.[45]
  • The Thief and the Cobbler
    The Thief and the Cobbler is an animated movie originally made by Richard Williams which took him 28 years to make before losing the rights to the movie to the Warner Bros. Then to the director Fred Calvert who released it as The Princess and the Cobbler adding dialog and 4 songs She is More, Am I feeling Love, Bom Bom Bom Beem Bom (That's What Happens When You Don't Go to School) and It's So Amazing. Then in 1993 Miramax studios edited the movie further adding voice for the thief and renamed it Arabian Knight and released it in theaters which was a box office bomb. The Miramax version was released on VHS and DVD. To this day the original movie The Thief and the Cobbler hasn't seen a DVD release although Garrett Gilchrist attempted to restore Richard Williams work and posted it on YouTube. [1] [2]
  • Sin City: A Dame to Kill For
    Sin City 2, which was announced for a 2008 release, did not enter production until 2012,[46] and was released in 2014.
  • Superman Lives
    The name given to a project begun by producer Jon Peters in 1993 as Superman Reborn. The proposed film would have followed the comic story line known as The Death of Superman. Jonathan Lemkin was hired to write the initial script, but Peters brought on a series of additional screenwriters to overhaul the script, including Gregory Poirier in 1995 and Kevin Smith in 1996. Director Tim Burton became attached to the film, with Nick Cage cast as the Man of Steel, and several more screenwriters were brought on board for several more rewrites. Burton backed out in late 1998 citing differences with producer Peters and the studios, additional writers and directors were attached to the project at various times over the next few years. Peters project went through several more permutations before evolving into Superman Returns, released in 2006, 13 years after initial development began.[47][48]
  • Warcraft
    A live-action adaptation of the Warcraft series was first announced in 2006.[49] The film spent several years in development hell before the project advanced. It is scheduled for a 2016 release.[50]
  • The X-Files: I Want To Believe
    The second film based upon the popular American television show The X-Files began pre-production planning in 2001 and was announced for release in 2003 to follow the show's ninth season, but languished in development until it was finally produced for its release in the summer of 2008, six years after the television show had ended.[51][52]

Music

Archival recordings of the Beach Boys unfinished album Smile took nearly forty-five years to compile for a dedicated release. Numerous complications contributed to its excessively protracted delay, including bandleader Brian Wilson's irrational fear of the album. Brother and bandmate Carl Wilson compared the album's structuring to editing a film, as compiler Alan Boyd explains, "I think he was right about that. The kind of editing that the project required seemed more like the process of putting a film together than a pop record."[53]

Video games

  • Half-Life 2: Episode 3/Half-Life 3
    It is still unknown if the development on Half-Life 2: Episode 3 or Half Life 3 has ever started. After the release of Half-Life 2: Episode Two in 2007, concept art for the then presumed Half-Life 2: Episode 3 leaked online[54] showing concept art of characters and the concept art of the disappeared Aperture science ship: The Borealis. As of 2015 it is still unknown if Half-Life 2: Episode 3/Half Life 3 ever entered development.
  • The Last Guardian
    The Last Guardian was announced in 2007 to be in development at Team Ico.[55] A short trailer released in 2007 shows a young boy who befriends a giant bird/cat-like creature. Creative conflicts between the developers and the publisher Sony, cause the game to remain in development hell. In 2014 Sony announced the cancellation of the game, but the announcement was quickly retracted and as of 2015 the game is still in development.[56]
  • Duke Nukem Forever
    The sequel to the 1996 game Duke Nukem 3D, Duke Nukem Forever was in development hell for 14 years: from 1997[57] to its release date in 2011. Changes of the game engine from the Quake II engine to the Unreal engine,[57] conflict with Take-Two,[58] the bankruptcy of 3D Realms game studio[59][60] caused the long development of the game. In 2010 Gearbox studios acquired the rights for the development[61] and released Duke Nukem Forever in 2011.[62][63] The game was critically disappointing upon release, with most of the criticism directed towards the game's clunky controls, long loading times, offensive humor, and overall aging and dated design. It holds a metacritic score of 50%.[64][65][66]
  • Aliens: Colonial Marines
    First announced in 2001, Aliens: Colonial Marines spent over 12 years in development hell. The original game which was announced in 2001 to be in development by Check Six Games, was cancelled and the rights for the Alien franchise were sold in 2006 to Sega.[67] On December 15, 2006 Gearbox Studios announced they were developing Aliens Colonial Marines as a Sequel to 1986s Aliens.[68] The game spent another 7 years in development hell before it was released in 2013. Aliens: Colonial Marines has received mostly negative reviews. Most complaints in the negative reviews of the game included bugs, bad A.I., unbalanced gameplay, and low quality graphics in the single-player game as well as a crude and poorly implemented multiplayer cooperative mode. The game currently holds a metacritic score of 45%.[69][70][71]

See also

References

  1. ^ Marx, Andy (February 28, 1994). "Interactive development: The new hell". Variety. 354 (4). New York: 1.
  2. ^ Adler, Warren (October 3, 1999). "How My Novel Was Almost 'Developed' Into Oblivion". New York Times. p. AR11.
  3. ^ "Cover Story: Writers Paid for Movies Never Made," Spillman, Susan. USA Today. McLean, Va.: January 16, 1991. pg. D1
  4. ^ "Dept. of development hell," Kerrie Mitchell. Premiere. (American edition). New York: February 2005.Vol.18, Iss. 5; pg. 40
  5. ^ "Books Into Movies: Part 2," Warren, Patricia Nell. Lambda Book Report. Washington: April 2000.Vol.8, Iss. 9; pg. 9. (Best selling novel The Front Runner has spent over 25 years in development hell)
  6. ^ McDonald, Paul & Wasko, Janet (2008) Hollywood Film Industry. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 54
  7. ^ Lyons, Charles (2001) Development Hell freezing over? Variety 382(1). 1-71
  8. ^ Paul W. S. Anderson, Lance Henriksen and Sanaa Lathan (2004). Aliens vs. Predator. 20th Century Fox. {{cite AV media}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ Steven Gaydos (2000-03-15). "The Kubrick Connection". Variety. Retrieved 2008-07-19.
  10. ^ Kit, Borys (2012-01-05). "'Akira' Production Offices Shut Down As Warner Bros. Scrutinizes Budget (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  11. ^ Britting, Jeff (2009). "Bringing Atlas Shrugged to Film". In Mayhew, Robert (ed.). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-7391-2780-3.
  12. ^ Bond, Paul (January 22, 2014). "'Atlas Shrugged: Who Is John Galt?' Starts Production With New Cast (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  13. ^ "Hollywood Curses". Xfinity. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  14. ^ Galbraith, Jane (1993-01-06). "`Costs Force Paramount to Delay Filming 'Beverly Hills Cop III'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  15. ^ Dutka, Elaine (1991-09-30). "Movies: Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer just say no to Paramount's offer to make a third 'Beverly Hills Cop.'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  16. ^ Beck, Marilyn (1988-03-16). "Judge Reinhold Still Unsigned For `Beverly Hills Cop Iii`". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  17. ^ "Beverly Hills Cop Iii' Could Finally Get Rolling This Summer". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
  18. ^ David Hughes (March 2004). "The Dark Knight Strikes Out". Tales From Development Hell. London: Titan Books. pp. 192–211. ISBN 1-84023-691-4.
  19. ^ Davidson, Paul (2003-07-23). "Sequel to The Italian Job Proposed". IGN. Retrieved 2008-10-08. Fleming, Michael and McNary, Dave (2004-07-19). "New man for the 'Job'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-17.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) McNary, Dave (2004-09-26). "Par reunites 'Job' crew". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-17. Keck, William (2004-09-23). "'Huckabees' stars are all 'Heart'". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-10-10. See also: Davidson, Paul (2004-09-27). "New Italian Job Looks Likely". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
  20. ^ McNary, Dave (2004-11-07). "Par: Déjà vu all over again". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-10-05. See also: Tecson, Brandee (2005-12-27). "Mark Wahlberg Hits The Gridiron For Role In True–Life Tale 'Invincible'". MTV. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  21. ^ a b Davidson, Paul (2005-12-16). "'The Brazilian Job' Targets Summer 2007". IGN. Retrieved 2008-06-17. Davidson, Paul (2007-05-02). "Brazilian Job Still On". IGN. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  22. ^ a b Fleming, Michael (2005-05-31). "Par puts vet on the 'Job'". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
  23. ^ Goldman, Eric (2007-08-17). "Exclusive Interview: Seth Green". IGN. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
  24. ^ Corliss, Richard (September 12, 2013). "Dallas Buyers Club: McConaughey Shines as a Homophobe Who Gets AIDS". Time. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  25. ^ Whatever Happened to Foodfight? | Cartoon Brew
  26. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
  27. ^ “Foodfight!” Coming To DVD | Cartoon Brew
  28. ^ Is 'The Hobbit' Cursed? Peter Jackson Threatens to Move Production Over Union Woes - The Moviefone Blog
  29. ^ Whatever happened to Hoodwinked Too? | Cartoon Brew
  30. ^ Parfitt, Orlando (October 13, 2009). "Independence Day 2 News". IGN Entertainment. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  31. ^ "Fox's 'Independence Day 2' Moved From Busy 2015 Summer to 2016". FirstShowing.net. November 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
  32. ^ "Paramount's Future- from 1985". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
  33. ^ Borys Kit (2007-05-09). "Future or past for Rodriguez?". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
  34. ^ West, Scott (February 8, 2012). "Live-Action 'Jetsons' Movie Is Forward Again With New Writers". ScienceFiction.com. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  35. ^ Tony Fletcher's iJamming! . . .Keith Moon news, reviews and links
  36. ^ http://www.alexcox.com/pdfs/MOON_1.pdf
  37. ^ Sunday Mirror, 6, Aug. 2000
  38. ^ The Lost Roles of Mike Myers | Splitsider
  39. ^ Poor Scripts Hold Up Keith Moon Movie | FlicksNews.net
  40. ^ AFM Briefs: 'The Hunted', 'April Apocalypse'; Alvernia & Fu Works in Poland
  41. ^ DreamWorks Animation (December 10, 2010). "DreamWorks Animation Pioneers Groundbreaking Combination of CG and Hand-Drawn Animation Techniques in Me and My Shadow for March 2013". DreamWorks Animation. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  42. ^ DreamWorks Animation (March 8, 2011). "DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014". DreamWorks Animation. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  43. ^ McClintock, Pamela (June 11, 2012). "Stephen Colbert, Allison Janney Join Voice Cast of 'Mr. Peabody & Sherman' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  44. ^ "DreamWorks Animation Pushes Back Release for 'Mr. Peabody & Sherman'". The Hollywood Reporter. February 5, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
  45. ^ Brin, David (1998), The Postman: An Impression by the Author of the Original Novel, retrieved January 15, 2012
  46. ^ Sin City 2 is a go... at last! | Flickering Myth
  47. ^ David Hughes (2001). The Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made. Independent Publishers Group. pp. 172–186. ISBN 1-55652-449-8.
  48. ^ "Kevin Smith's Superman Lives cast". Superman Homepage. 1999-03-02. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  49. ^ Blizzard Entertainment (9 May 2006). "BLIZZARD ENTERTAINMENT® AND LEGENDARY PICTURES TO PRODUCE LIVE-ACTION WARCRAFT® MOVIE". Web.Archive.org. Archived from the original on 25 Nov 2007.
  50. ^ Vejvoda, Jim (November 27, 2013). "Warcraft Movie Rescheduled to Avoid Star Wars: Episode VII". IGN.
  51. ^ "Official X-Files 2 Announcement!". IGN. October 31, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  52. ^ Davidson, Paul (January 19, 2005). "Duchovny Hopes for a Couple More X-Files". IGN. Retrieved September 5, 2009. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ Wolk, Douglas (October 31, 2011). "The Smile Sessions: The Story Behind the Box".
  54. ^ http://gamerant.com/halflife-2-episode-3-concept-art-dyce-157194/
  55. ^ http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2009/03/25/new-game-from-team-ico-will-be-like-ico-gdc-2009/
  56. ^ http://www.gamespot.com/articles/the-last-guardian-still-in-development-sony-assure/1100-6425341/
  57. ^ a b Wernicke, Brad (June 16, 1998). "George Broussard (06/16/98); on the switch from Quake II to Unreal engine for Duke Nukem Forever". IGN. Planet Duke. Archived from the original on December 16, 2005.
  58. ^ Morris, Chris (June 11, 2003). "Duke Nukem vs. Take Two". CNN. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  59. ^ "Technology | Duke Nukem developer goes bust". BBC News. May 7, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
  60. ^ Totilo, Stephen (May 18, 2009). "3D Realms: We're Not Closing, Spent $20 Million On Duke Nukem Forever". Kotaku. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
  61. ^ Lee, Garnett (10 September 2010). "Talking Duke Nukem Forever With Gearbox Software's Steve Gibson". Shack News. Los Angeles CA. Retrieved 11 January 2013.: "Allen Blum and those guys, they're actually now in the Gearbox Software building on the tenth floor. We brought them in; they're now connected to the Gearbox infrastructure and our central team of animators and modelers and sound engineers."
  62. ^ Cullen, Johnny (24 May 2011). "Hell freezes, pigs fly: Duke Nukem Forever goes gold". VG24/7. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
  63. ^ Ewalt, David M. (February 11, 2011). "Duke Nukem Forever Balls of Steel Edition". Forbes.
  64. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/duke-nukem-forever
  65. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/duke-nukem-forever
  66. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/duke-nukem-forever
  67. ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/12/11/sega-hunts-down-alien
  68. ^ Game Informer, March 2008, Issue 79, p. 49
  69. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/aliens-colonial-marines
  70. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-360/aliens-colonial-marines
  71. ^ http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-3/aliens-colonial-marines
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