LiveScript (programming language)
| Paradigm | multi-paradigm, functional, object-oriented |
|---|---|
| Designed by | Jeremy Ashkenas, Satoshi Murakami, George Zahariev |
| Developer | Jeremy Ashkenas, Satoshi Murakami, George Zahariev |
| First appeared | 2011 |
| Stable release | LiveScript 1.3.1
/ 22 October 2014 |
| Typing discipline | dynamic, weak, strong |
| OS | Cross-platform |
| License | MIT |
| Filename extensions | .ls |
| Website | livescript |
| Influenced by | |
| JavaScript, Haskell, CoffeeScript, F# | |
LiveScript is a functional language that compiles to JavaScript.
Syntax
LiveScript is an indirect descendant of and is partly compatible with Coffeescript.[1] The following is a fully Coffeescript-compatible hello-world example of LiveScript syntax.
hello = ->
console.log 'hello, world!'
While calling a function can be done with empty parens, hello(), LiveScript treats the exclamation mark as a single-character shorthand for function calls with zero arguments: hello!
LiveScript introduces a number of other incompatible idioms:
Name mangling
At compile time, the LiveScript parser implicitly converts dashed variable- and function names to camelcase.
hello-world = ->
console.log 'Hello, World!'
With this definition, both the following calls are valid. However, calling using the same dashed syntax is recommended.
hello-world!
helloWorld!
This does not preclude developers from using camelcase explicitly or using snakecase. Dashed naming is however, common in idiomatic LiveScript[2]
Pipes
Like a number of other functional programming languages such as F# and Elixir, LiveScript supports the pipe operator, |> which passes the result of the expression on the left of the operator as the first argument to the expression on the right of it.
hello! |> capitalize |> console.log
# > Hello, World!
Operators as functions
When parenthesized, operators such as not or + can be included in pipelines or called as if they were functions.
111 |> (+) 222
# > 333
(+) 1 2
# > 3
Typing
By default, LiveScript shares the weak, dynamic typing of Coffee- and JavaScript. However, the LiveScript compiler provides optional strong typing through the --const flag.
num = 1
fun = (non-string) ->
non-string = non-string.to-string!
fun num
While perfectly permissible by default, when the --const flag is used, the above will cause a compiler error of: [SyntaxError: redeclaration of constant "num" on line 4].
This happens because the --const option simply treats all values as if they were declared as constants, at compile time, without using the nonstandard const keyword in the output JavaScript.
References
External links