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WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force AD/RTT/Simple

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as Alzheimer disease, is the cause of 60% to 70% of cases of dementia.[1][2] It is a chronic disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time.[2] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events.[1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include: trouble with language, easily getting lost, mood swings, loss of motivation, trouble taking care of themselves, and issues with behavior.[2][1] As a person's condition declines they often withdraw from family and society.[1] Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.[3] Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years.[4]

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood.[1] About 70% of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved.[5] Other risk factors include: a history of head injuries, depression or hypertension.[1] The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain.[5] A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes.[6] Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging.[1] It is not unusual for it to take three to six years before the diagnosis is made.[7] Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis.[5] Developing a greater intelligence, exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD.[5] There are no medications or supplements with evidence to support their use.[8] It is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder.[1]

No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms.[2] Affected people increasingly relies on others for assistance. It may place a great burden on caregivers; the pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements.[9] Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes.[10] Treatment of behavioral problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risks of death.[11][12]

In 2010, there were between 21 and 35 million people worldwide with AD.[4][2] It most often begins in people over 65 years of age, although 4% to 5% of cases are early-onset Alzheimer's which begin before this.[13] It affects about 6% of people 65 years and older.[1] In 2010 dementia resulted in about 486,000 deaths.[14] It was first described by German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 after who it was later named.[15] In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases to society.[16][17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burns, A; Iliffe, S (5 February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 338: b158. PMID 19196745.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Dementia Fact sheet N°362". who.int. April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  3. ^ "About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms". National Institute on Aging. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  4. ^ a b Querfurth, HW; LaFerla, FM (28 January 2010). "Alzheimer's disease". The New England journal of medicine. 362 (4): 329–44. PMID 20107219.
  5. ^ a b c d Ballard, C; Gauthier, S; Corbett, A; Brayne, C; Aarsland, D; Jones, E (19 March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 377 (9770): 1019–31. PMID 21371747.
  6. ^ "Dementia diagnosis and assessment" (PDF). pathways.nice.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  7. ^ Todd, S; Barr, S; Roberts, M; Passmore, AP (November 2013). "Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review". International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 28 (11): 1109–24. PMID 23526458.
  8. ^ "More research needed on ways to prevent Alzheimer's, panel finds" (PDF). National Institute on Aging. 29 August 2006. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  9. ^ Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J. Systematic Review of Information and Support Interventions for Caregivers of People with Dementia. BMC Geriatrics. 2007;7:18. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-7-18. PMID 17662119.
  10. ^ Forbes, D.; Thiessen, E.J.; Blake, C.M.; Forbes, S.C.; Forbes, S. (4 December 2013). "Exercise programs for people with dementia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12: CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3. PMID 24302466.
  11. ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". nice.org.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  12. ^ "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". fda.gov. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  13. ^ Mendez, MF (November 2012). "Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD". Archives of medical research. 43 (8): 677–85. PMID 23178565.
  14. ^ Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, Ktitle=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. (15 December 2012). Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Berchtold NC, Cotman CW. Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s. Neurobiology of Aging. 1998;19(3):173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992.
  16. ^ Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP. Impact économique de la démence (English: The Economical Impact of Dementia). Presse Médicale. 2005;34(1):35–41. French. PMID 15685097.
  17. ^ Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT. Economic Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18(2 Pt 2):68–73; discussion 79–82. PMID 9543467.
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