Generational list of programming languages

Here, a genealogy of programming languages is shown. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Of course, any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

ALGOL (also under Fortran)
- Atlas Autocode
- ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
  - MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
- ALGOL 60
  - MAD/I
  - Simula (see also Simula based languages)
- ALGOL 68
- ALGOL W
  - Pascal
    - Ada
      - SPARK
      - PL/SQL
    - Turbo Pascal
      - Object Pascal (Delphi)
        Free Pascal (FPC)
        
        Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)
    - Euclid
      - Concurrent Euclid
      - Turing
        Turing Plus
        
        Object Oriented Turing
    - Modula-2
      - Modula-3
      - Oberon (Oberon-1)
        Go (also under C)
        
        Oberon-2
        Component Pascal
        
        Active Oberon
        Zonnon
        
        Oberon-07
      - Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
    - SUE
      - Plus
- CPL
  - BCPL
    - B
    - C
      - Alef
      - C++
        Java
        Groovy
        
        Scala
        
        Join Java
        
        J#
        
        Processing
        
        X10
        
        C#
        Cobra (class/object model and other features)
        
        Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh and Perl)
      - C--
      - D
      - ColdFusion
      - Go (also under Oberon)
      - Harbour
        Limbo
      - LPC
        Pike
      - Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
        Swift (also under Ruby, Python and Haskell)
      - PCASTL (also under Lisp)
      - Perl
        Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL and ksh)
        
        S2
        
        PHP
        
        Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
        Swift (also under Objective-C, Haskell and Python)
        
        PDL (also under APL)
      - Python
        Swift (also under Objective-C, Haskell and Ruby)
      - QuakeC
      - tcsh (also under sh)

APL based

APL
- A+
- J (also under FL)
- K (also under LISP)
- NESL
- PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

BASIC (also under Fortran II)
- AmigaBASIC
- AMOS BASIC
- BASIC Stamp
- BASIC09
- Basic4GL
- BBC Basic
- Blitz BASIC
  - Blitz3D
  - BlitzMax
  - BlitzPlus
- Business Basic
- Caché Basic
- Chinese BASIC
- COMAL
- Commodore BASIC
- DarkBASIC
  - DarkBASIC Professional
- Euphoria
- Gambas
- GW-BASIC
- GLBasic
- PowerBASIC
- QuickBASIC
  - QBasic
    - FreeBASIC
    - Liberty BASIC
      - Run BASIC
- REALbasic
- thinBasic
- TI-BASIC
- True BASIC
- Visual Basic
  - VBScript
  - Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
  - Visual Basic .NET
    - Small Basic
- YaBasic

Batch languages

C based

C (also under BCPL)
- Alef
- C++
  - Java
    - Groovy
    - Scala
    - Join Java
    - J#
    - Processing
    - X10
  - C#
    - Cobra (class/object model and other features)
    - Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh and Perl)
- C--
- D
- ColdFusion
- Go (also under Oberon)
- Harbour
  - Limbo
- LPC
  - Pike
- Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Python and Haskell)
- PCASTL (also under Lisp)
- Perl
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL and ksh)
  - S2
  - PHP
  - Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
    - Swift(also under Objective-C, Python and Haskell)
  - PDL (also under APL)
- Python
  - Swift(also under Ruby, Objective-C and Haskell)
- QuakeC
- tcsh (also under sh)

COBOL based

COBOL
- ABAP
- DIBOL
- WATBOL

COMIT based

COMIT
- SNOBOL
  - Icon
    - Unicon
  - Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)

DCL based

DCL
- Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh and Perl)

ed based

ed (programming language)
- sed
- AWK
  - Perl (also under C)

Eiffel based

Eiffel
- Cobra (design by contract)
- Sather
- Ubercode

Forth based

Forth
- InterPress
  - PostScript
- Joy
  - Factor
- Rebol (also under Lisp)
- RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

Fortran
- Fortran II
  - BASIC (see also BASIC based languages)
- Fortran IV
  - WATFOR
  - WATFIV
- Fortran 66
  - FORMAC
  - Ratfor
- Fortran 77
  - WATFOR-77
  - Ratfiv
- Fortran 90
- Fortran 95
  - F
- Fortran 2003
- ALGOL (see also ALGOL based languages)

FP based

FP (Function Programming)
- FL (Function Level)
  - J (also under APL)
- FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk based

HyperTalk
- AppleScript
- Revolution

Java based

JOSS based

JOSS
- CAL
- TELCOMP
- FOCAL
- MUMPS
  - Caché ObjectScript

Lisp based

Lisp
- Arc
- AutoLISP
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Emacs Lisp
- K (also under APL)
- Logo
  - Turtle graphics
- Nu programming language
- REBOL
  - Red (programming language)
- RPL (also under Forth)
- S
  - R
    - PCASTL (also under ALGOL)
- Scheme
  - GNU Guile
  - Racket
  - Hop
  - Pico
  - T
  - Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)

ML based

ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- Caml
  - OCaml
  - F#

PL/I based

PL/I
- PL/M
- PL/C
- REXX
- SP/k
- XPL

Prolog based

Prolog
- CLP(R), CLP(FD)
- Mercury
- Erlang
- Logtalk

SASL Based

SASL
- Kent Recursive Calculator
- Miranda
  - Haskell
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python and Objective-C)

SETL based

SETL
- ABC
  - Python
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C and Haskell)
    - Boo
    - Cobra (syntax and features)

sh based

Sh
- bash
- csh (also under C)
  - tcsh
- zsh
- ksh
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL and Perl)

Simula based

Simula (also under ALGOL 60)
- C++ (also under C)
- Smalltalk
  - Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python and Haskell)
    - Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)
  - Ruby
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python and Haskell)
    - Fancy
  - Self
    - ECMAScript
      - ActionScript
        Haxe
      - JavaScript (originally LiveScript)
        JavaScript OSA
      - JScript
    - NewtonScript
      - Io
- BETA

Tcl based

Tcl
- Expect
- Tea

Others

External links

Diagram & history of programming languages