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Vertebrate mitochondrial code

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The vertebrate mitochondrial code is the genetic code found in the mitochondria of all vertebrata.

Evolution

AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution.[1] However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codon]s. A -1 mitoribosome frameshift occurs at the AGA and AGG codons predicted to terminate the CO1 and ND6 open reading frames (ORFs), and consequently both ORFs terminate in the standard UAG codon.[2]

Incomplete stop codons

Mitochondrial genes in some vertebrates (including humans) have incomplete stop codons ending in U or UA, which become complete termination codons (UAA) upon subsequent polyadenylation.[3][4][5][6]


Translation table

AAs    = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIMMTTTTNNKKSS**VVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = --------------------------------MMMM---------------M------------
Base1  = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2  = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3  = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG

Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).

Amino acids: arginine (Arg, A), serine (Ser, S)

Differences from the standard code:
This code Standard
AGA Ter * Arg R
AGG Ter * Arg R
AUA Met M Ile I
UGA Trp W Ter *

Alternative initiation codons

References

  • This article contains public domain text from the NCBI page compiled by Andrzej (Anjay) Elzanowski and Jim Ostell.[8]

  1. ^ S Osawa, T Ohama, TH Jukes and K Watanabe (September 1989). "Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. I. Origin of AGR serine and stop codons in metazoan mitochondria". J Mol Evol. 29(3): 202–7. PMID 2506356.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ R J Temperley, R Richter, S Dennerlein, R N Lightowlers, Z M Chrzanowska-Lightowlers (January 2010). "Hungry codons promote frameshifting in human mitochondrial ribosomes". Science. 15 (327(5963)): 301. doi:10.1126/science.1180674. PMID 20075246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 20211597, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=20211597 instead.
  4. ^ Hou WR, Chen Y, Wu X, Hu JC, Peng ZS, Yang J, Tang ZX, Zhou CQ, Li YM, Yang SK, Du YJ, Kong LL, Ren ZL, Zhang HY, Shuai SR (December 2006). "A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Asian black bear Sichuan subspecies (Ursus thibetanus mupinensis)". Int J Biol Sci. 23, 3(2): 85–90. PMID 17205108.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 17541835, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=17541835 instead.
  6. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s11033-009-9641-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s11033-009-9641-0 instead.
  7. ^ P. Desjardins and R. Morais (February 1991). "Nucleotide sequence and evolution of coding and noncoding regions of a quail mitochondrial genome". J Mol Evol. 32(2): 153–161. PMID 1706782.
  8. ^ The Genetic Codes

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