Nonribosomal code
The nonribosomal code refers to key amino acid residues and their positions within the primary sequence of an adenylation domain of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase used to predict substrate specificity and thus (partially) the final product. Analogous to the nonribosomal code is prediction of peptide composition by DNA/RNA codon reading, which is well supported by the central dogma of molecular biology and accomplished using the genetic code simply by following the DNA codon table or RNA codon table. However, prediction of natural product/secondary metabolites by the nonribosomal code is not as concrete as DNA/RNA codon-to-amino acid and much research is still needed to have a broad-use code. The increasing number of sequenced genomes and high-throughput prediction software has allowed for better elucidation of predicted substrate specificity and thus natural products/secondary metabolites. Enzyme characterization by, for example, ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assays for substrate specificity and in silico substrate-binding pocket modelling helps support predictive algorithms. Much research has been done on bacteria and fungi, with prokaryotic bacteria having easier-to-predict products.
The nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), a multi-modular enzyme complex, minimally contains repeating, tri-domains (adenylation (A), peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) and lastly codensation(C)). The adenylation domain (A) is the focus for substrate specificity since it is the initiating and substrate recognition domain. The NRPS collinearity principle/rule dictates that given the order of adenylation domains (and substrate-specificity code) throughout the NRPS one can predict the amino acid sequence of the produced small peptide. NRPS, NRPS-like or NRPS-PKS complexes also exist and have domain variations, additions and/or exclusions.
Supporting examples
See also
References
Modular Peptide Synthetases Involved in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis 1997 The enduracidin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces fungicidicus 2006 Characterisation of the ArmA adenylation domain implies a more diverse secondary metabolism in the genus Armillaria 2011 Characterization of the atromentin biosynthesis genes and enzymes in the homobasidiomycete Tapinella panuoides 2008 Specificity prediction of adenylation domains in nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) using transductive support vector machines (TSVMs) 2005