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Verbs of Motion

Verbs of motion (also referred to as VoM) are a distinct class of verbs found in several Slavic languages. Due to the extensive semantic information they contain, Russian verbs of motion pose difficulties for non-native learners at all levels of study ^[1]. Unprefixed verbs of motion, which are all imperfective, divide into pairs based on the direction of the movement (uni- or multidirectional—sometimes called determinate/indeterminate or definite/indefinite). As opposed to a verb-framed language, in which path is encoded in the verb, but manner of motion typically is expressed with complements, Russian is a satellite language, meaning that these concepts are encoded in both the root of the verb and the particles associated with it, satellites^[2] . Thus, the roots of motion verbs convey the lexical information of manner of movement, e.g. walking, crawling, running, whereas prefixes denote path, e.g. motion in and out of space.^[3]^{[note 1]} The roots also distinguish between means of conveyance, e.g. by transport or by one’s own power, and, in transitive verbs, the object or person being transported.^[4] The information below provides an outline of the formation and basic usage of unprefixed and prefixed verbs of motion.

Unprefixed Verbs of Motion:

This table contains 14 commonly-accepted pairs of Russian verbs of motion, adapted from Muravyova.^[4]^{[note 2]}

English	Unidirectional	Multidirectional
'to run'	бежа́ть	бе́гать
'to wander'	брести́	броди́ть
'to convey, transport'	везти́	вози́ть
'to lead'	вести́	води́ть
'to drive, chase'	гна́ть	гоня́ть
'to go by vehicle, ride'	е́хать	е́здить
'to go, walk'	идти́	ходи́ть
'to roll'	кати́ть	ката́ть
'to climb'	ле́зть	ла́зить (ла́зать)
'to fly'	лете́ть	лета́ть
'to carry'	нести́	носи́ть
'to swim, float'	плы́ть	пла́вать
'to crawl'	ползти́	по́лзать
'to drag'	тащи́ть	таска́ть

Directionality

{{ordered list|type=decimal

 | Unidirectional verbs of motion describe motion in progress in one direction, e.g:

We are headed to the library.
Мы идём в библиотеку.
I was on my way to work.
Я шла на работу.
Birds fly south in autumn.
Птицы летят на юг осенью.

 | Multidirectional verbs of motion describe:

General motion, referring to ability or habitual motion, without reference to direction or destination, e.g.:
1. The child has been walking for six months.
  Ребёнка ходит шесть месяцев.
2. Birds fly, fish swim, and dogs walk.
  Птицы летают, рыбы плавают, и собаки ходят.
Movement in various directions, e.g.:

Notes

^ Nesset (2008) applied Leonard Talmy’s (1985, 2000) terms “manner” and “path” to her image schema for Russian verbs of motion.
^ Researchers have also included the reflexive verbs катиться/кататься, гнаться/гоняться, нестись/носиться, and тащиться/таскаться (Gagarina 2009: 451–452).

References

^ Gor, K., Cook, S., Malyushenkova, V., & Vdovina, T (2009). "Verbs of Motion in Highly Proficient Learners and Heritage Speakers of Russian". The Slavic and East European Journal. 53 (3): 386–408.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Talmy, Leonard (1985). "Lexicalization Patterns: Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms". In Timothy Shopen (ed.). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–149.
^ Nesset, Tore (2008). "Path and Manner: An Image-Schematic Approach to Russian Verbs of Motion". Scando-Slavica. 54 (1): 135–158.
^ ^a ^b Muravyova, L (1986). V. Korotky (ed.). Verbs of Motion in Russian / Glagoly dviženija v russkom jazyke (5 ed.). Moscow: Russkij jazyk.

[4] Nesset (2008) applied Leonard Talmy’s (1985, 2000) terms “manner” and “path” to her image schema for Russian verbs of motion.

[6] Researchers have also included the reflexive verbs катиться/кататься, гнаться/гоняться, нестись/носиться, and тащиться/таскаться (Gagarina 2009: 451–452).

[Gor-1] Gor, K., Cook, S., Malyushenkova, V., & Vdovina, T (2009). "Verbs of Motion in Highly Proficient Learners and Heritage Speakers of Russian". The Slavic and East European Journal. 53 (3): 386–408.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Talmy-2] Talmy, Leonard (1985). "Lexicalization Patterns: Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms". In Timothy Shopen (ed.). Language Typology and Syntactic Description, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–149.

[Nesset-3] Nesset, Tore (2008). "Path and Manner: An Image-Schematic Approach to Russian Verbs of Motion". Scando-Slavica. 54 (1): 135–158.

[Muravyova-5] Muravyova, L (1986). V. Korotky (ed.). Verbs of Motion in Russian / Glagoly dviženija v russkom jazyke (5 ed.). Moscow: Russkij jazyk.

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[2]

[3]

[note 1]

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[note 2]