Lithium vanadium phosphate battery
A lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP) battery is a type of battery that utilizes lithium ions in the anode and vanadium phosphate in the cathode, with higher energy density than earlier lithium ion batteries. Incorporation of vanadium in its structure allows increased energy density. As of 2014[update] this jhad not been commercialized.[1]
Components
Phosphates
The use of inexpensive phosphates lowers battery costs. They possess much higher redox potentials,[clarification needed] so more energy can be gathered from them in the battery. The difference in redox potentials means that more electrons can be passed from cathode to anode per lithium ion. Passing more electrons produces more electrical energy.
Phosphates display good electrochemical and thermal stability, so they are not dangerous to users. The use of phosphates in the battery lowers battery temperature while recharging.[2]
Vanadium
The use of vanadium in the cathode allows the reaction to release more energy under discharge and to recharge more quickly. The battery stores more energy and can be recharged much faster. Vanadium allows the battery to provide power while recharging.[3]
Vanadium phosphates are located in the cathode sink. The sink is the aqueous part of the cathode that contains many anions. The sink must maintain a certain concentration of vanadium phosphate to maintain the correct voltage. The structure of vanadium phosphates provide a higher capacity for lithium ions to bind to it.[2]
Applications
The LVP battery supplies a voltage of 4.7 to 4.8 volts compared to commercial lithium batteries such as the 3.7 volt lithium cobalt oxide battery. According to a manufacturer, when used to power electric vehicles the higher voltage provides superior power and acceleration, and longer range because of increased energy density. Alternatively, a smaller configuration can reduce weight and produce the same energy.[4]
Waste
LVP batteries are claimed to last longer than other types.[4] When disposed of at the end of their working life, the use of phosphates makes LVP batteries much less toxic than other lithium ion batteries, such as those using a cobalt oxide or magnesium oxide instead of a phosphate.[5]
Risks
Lithium-ion batteries have exploded or caused fires. One risk situation is charging, which produces heat. LVP batteries charge at lower temperatures[citation needed] so they are less prone to explode.
The structural transitions relating to electron and ion location and transport were not fully understood as of 2014[update], leaving some risk and potential hazard to using these batteries.[6]
References
- ^ My Electric Car: EV batteries
- ^ a b Mai, Liqiang. "Electrospun Ultralong Hierarchical Vanadium Oxide Nanowires with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries". Nano letters. doi:10.1021/nl103343w.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ American Vanadium Corp. "Lithium Vanadium Phosphate Battery". Retrieved 10/22/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ a b Pacific Ore Mining Corp. "LVP". Retrieved 11/12/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Bruno, Alessandro. "Can Phosphate resolve the Boeing 787's Li-ion Battery Problem?". Investor Intel. Retrieved 11/7/13.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Yin, Shih-Chieh. "Charge Ordering in Lithium Vanadium Phosphates: Electrodes Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries". Journal of the American Chemical Society. doi:10.1021/ja028973h.
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