Physoderma
| Physoderma | |
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| Genus: | Physoderma Wallr. (1833)
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| Type species | |
| Physoderma maculare (1833) | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
Physoderma is a genus of chytrid fungi. Described by German botanist Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1833, the genus contains some species that are parasitic on vascular plants, including P. alfalfae and P. maydis, causative agents of crown wart of alfalfa and brown spot of corn, respectively.[3] Of the chytrid genera, Physoderma is the oldest.[4] However, species were confused with the rust fungi, the genus Synchytrium, and the genus Protomyces of Ascomycota. [5] Members of Physoderma are obligate parasites of pteridophytes and angiosperms. [4] There are approximately 80 species within this genus (depending on whether one includes those traditionally belonging to Urophlyctis). [5]
Taxonomic History
The genus was erected in 1833 by Wallroth on the basis of resting spore development. Later, the members were recognized as chytrid fungi (sensu lato) and placed in the Chytridiales by Schroeter in 1883. In 1943, Sparrow suggested that the genus be merged with Urophlyctis, which was done by Karling in 1950.[4] [5] Sparrow, in 1962, decided the genera were distinct based on morphology and host reaction. However, at this time, the two genera are considered synonymous.[6] Typically, it was thought that Physoderma was related to the polycentric genra Cladochytrium and Nowakowskiella[4] [5] Based on the ultrastructure of the zoospore, it was realized that Physoderma belongs to the Blastocladiales, [6] which later became the Blastocladiomycota.[7] Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that Physoderma and Urophlycits might be separate genera. [6]
Species
- Physoderma aeschynomenes
- Physoderma alfalfae
- Physoderma alpinum
- Physoderma aneilematis
- Physoderma aponogetonicola
- Physoderma aponogetonis
- Physoderma asphodeli
- Physoderma astomatis
- Physoderma australasicum
- Physoderma beckmanniae
- Physoderma bohemicum
- Physoderma bothriochloae
- Physoderma brachiariae
- Physoderma brachiariae-eruciformis
- Physoderma chrysopogonicola
- Physoderma citri
- Physoderma claytoniana
- Physoderma claytonianum
- Physoderma comari
- Physoderma commelinae
- Physoderma corchori
- Physoderma crepidis
- Physoderma cynodontis
- Physoderma debeauxii
- Physoderma dichanthiicola
- Physoderma dicksonii
- Physoderma digitariae
- Physoderma dulichii
- Physoderma echinochloae
- Physoderma eleocharidis
- Physoderma eragrostidis
- Physoderma eriochloae
- Physoderma fabae
- Physoderma gerhardtii
- Physoderma graminis
- Physoderma hemisphaericum
- Physoderma hydrocotylidis
- Physoderma indicum
- Physoderma johnsii
- Physoderma kriegeriana
- Physoderma kyllingae
- Physoderma lathyri
- Physoderma leproides
- Physoderma limnanthemi
- Physoderma lycopi
- Physoderma maculare
- Physoderma marsileae
- Physoderma maydis
- Physoderma meliloti
- Physoderma menyanthis
- Physoderma mouretii
- Physoderma myriophylli
- Physoderma narasimhanii
- Physoderma negeri
- Physoderma nelumbii
- Physoderma notosciadii
- Physoderma ornithogali
- Physoderma palustre
- Physoderma pancratii
- Physoderma paspali
- Physoderma paspalidii
- Physoderma pluriannulatum
- Physoderma potteri
- Physoderma pulposum
- Physoderma rayssiae
- Physoderma ruebsaamenii
- Physoderma schroeteri
- Physoderma scirpicola
- Physoderma setariicola
- Physoderma sparrovii
- Physoderma thirumalacharii
- Physoderma trachoniticum
- Physoderma trifolii
- Physoderma vagabundum
- Physoderma vagans
References
- ^ Wallroth KFW. (1833). Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae (in German). Vol. 2. Nürnberg, Germany: J.L. Schrag. p. 192.
- ^ "Synonymy: Physoderma Wallr., Fl. crypt. Germ. (Norimbergae) 2: 192 (1833)". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ Schaechter M. (2011). Eukaryotic Microbes. Academic Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-12-383877-3.
- ^ a b c d Sparrow FK. 1960. Aquatic phycomycetes. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
- ^ a b c d Karling, J.S. 1977. Chytridiomycetarum Iconographia. Monticello, New York: Lubrecht & Cramer.
- ^ a b c Porter TM, W Martin, TY James, JE Longcore, FH Gleason, PH Adler, PM Letcher, & R Vilgalys. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fungal Biology 115: 381-392.
- ^ James, T.Y.; et al. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota)". Mycologia. 98 (6): 860–871. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.860. PMID 17486963.
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