Lemon technique

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)

The Lemon technique is a method used by meteorologists using weather radar to determine the relative strength of thunderstorm cells in a vertically sheared environment. It is named for Leslie R. Lemon, the co-creator of the current conceptual model of a supercell. These features include:

Vertical cross-section through a supercell exhibiting a BWER.

• Updraft tilt - The tilted updraft (vertical orientation) of the main updraft is an indication of the strength of the updraft, with nearly vertical tilts indicating stronger updrafts.

• Echo overhang - In intense thunderstorms, an area of very strong reflectivity atop the weak echo region and on the low-level inflow inside side of the storm.

• Weak echo region (WER) - An area of markedly lower reflectivity, resulting from an increase in updraft strength.

• Bounded weak echo region (BWER) - Another area of markedly lower reflectivity, now bounded by an area of high reflectivity. This is observed as a "hole" in reflectivity, and is caused by an updraft powerful enough to prevent ice and liquid from reaching the ground. This powerful updraft is often an indication of, or is facilitated by, a mesocyclone. A mesocyclone is not strictly necessary for BWER development. Storm rotation can be reliably detected by the Doppler velocities of a weather radar.

See also

• Convective storm detection

External links

• Paul Sirvatka and Les Lemon The Lemon Technique – College of DuPage Meteorology (PDF)
• The Lemon Technique (LT) to determine updraft strength (University of Illinois)