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Not to be confused with Windows Runtime.
Windows RT
File:Windows RT logo.jpg
DeveloperMicrosoft
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Released to
manufacturing		October 26, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-10-26)
Latest preview8.1 / June 26, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-06-26)[1]
PlatformsARM
Kernel typeHybrid
Official websitewindows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/rt-welcome
Support status
  • Start date: October 30, 2012
  • Mainstream support until: No date given, but Surface supported until April 11, 2017.[2]
Articles in the series

Windows RT is a variant of the Windows 8 operating system designed for mobile devices which use the ARM architecture. First unveiled as a prototype in January 2011 at the Consumer Electronics Show, the operating system was officially launched alongside Windows 8 on October 26, 2012 with the release of three Windows RT-based tablets—one of which being Microsoft's own Surface tablet. Unlike most other versions of Windows, Windows RT is only available as pre-loaded software on devices specifically designed for the operating system by OEMs.

While lacking certain features and compatibility in comparison to Windows versions for x86 (Intel-compatible) processors, Microsoft intended for Windows RT devices to take advantage of the ARM platform's power efficiency to allow for longer battery life, system-on-chip designs to allow for thinner hardware designs, touch-optimized apps, and to provide a "reliable" experience over time—making the entire platform comparable to a mobile operating system. Windows RT was also distinguished by the inclusion of a special version of Office 2013 as pre-loaded software.[3][4][5]

Windows RT was released to mixed reviews from various outlets and critics. Some felt that Windows RT devices had advantages over other mobile platforms (such as iOS or Android) due to its bundled software and the ability to use a wider variety of USB peripherals and accessories. However, concerns were also raised surrounding its software compatibility limitations, how Microsoft had promoted the new operating system, and whether its power usage advantages were now irrelevant due to the introduction of x86-based SoCs with battery life comparable to those of ARM chips. As a result of these shortcomings, the Windows RT tablets have been met with poor sales, causing some OEMs to question the viability of the platform. In August 2013, ASUS announced that they were discontinuing their line of Windows RT tablets.[6]

Development

At the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show, it was officially announced that the next version of Windows would provide support for the ARM architecture. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early version of a Windows port for the architecture, codenamed Windows on ARM (WoA), running on prototypes with Qualcomm Snapdragon, Texas Instruments OMAP, and Nvidia Tegra 2 chipsets. The prototypes featured working versions of Internet Explorer 9 (with DirectX support via the Tegra 2's GPU), Powerpoint and Word, along with the use of class drivers to allow printing to an Epson printer. Sinofsky felt that the shift towards system-on-chip (SoC) designs were "a natural evolution of hardware that's applicable to a wide range of form factors, not just to slates", while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer emphasized the importance of supporting SoCs on Windows by proclaiming that the operating system would "be everywhere on every kind of device without compromise."[7]

Initial development on WoA took place by porting code from Windows 7; Windows Mobile smartphones were used to test early builds of WoA due to a lack of readily available ARM-based tablets. Later testing was performed using a custom-designed array of rack-mounted ARM-based systems.[8] Changes to the Windows codebase were made to optimize the OS for the internal hardware of ARM devices, but a number of technical standards traditionally used by x86 systems are also used. WoA devices would use UEFI firmware, and have a software-based Trusted Platform Module to enable device encryption and prevent unauthorized software from tampering with the boot process.[9] ACPI is also used to detect and control plug and play devices and provide power management outside the SoC. To enable wider hardware support, peripherals such as human interface devices, storage and other components that use USB and I²C connections use class drivers and standardized protocols. Windows Update would serve as the primary mechanism for updating system drivers and software.[8]

Microsoft showcased other aspects of the new operating system, to be known as Windows 8, during subsequent presentations. Among these changes (which also included an overhauled interface optimized for use on touch-based devices) were the introduction of the Windows Runtime (WinRT) APIs. Software developed using this new architecture could be processor-independent (allowing compatibility with both x86 and ARM-based systems),[10] would emphasize the use of touch input, would run within a sandboxed environment to provide additional security, and be distributed through Windows Store—a store similar to services such as the App Store and Google Play. WinRT was also optimized to provide a more "reliable" experience on ARM-based devices; as such, backwards compatibility for Win32 software otherwise compatible with older versions of Windows was intentionally excluded on WoA. Windows developers indicated that existing Windows applications were not specifically optimized for reliability and energy efficiency on the ARM architecture, and that WinRT was sufficient to "provide the full expressive power required for modern software while avoiding the traps and pitfalls that can potentially reduce the overall experience for consumers." Consequentially, this lack of backwards compatibility would also prevent existing malware from running on the operating system as well[8][11]

On April 16, 2012, Microsoft officially announced that the edition of Windows 8 for ARM-based devices would be known as Windows RT, and officially launch alongside its counterpart for x86-based systems in October 2012.[12] Microsoft did not explicitly indicate what the "RT" in the operating system's name referred to, but it was believed to refer to the WinRT architecture.[13]

On May 14, 2013, Microsoft officially announced that a major update to both Windows 8 and RT known as Windows 8.1 would be released later in the year, with a public beta released at the Build Conference on June 26, 2013.[14][15] Among other changes introduced by the update, Microsoft announced on June 5, 2013 that a port of Outlook would be added to the included Office 2013 suite as well.[16]

Differences from Windows 8

Further information: Windows 8 § Features, and Features new to Windows 8

While Windows RT does share a significant amount of its code base with Windows 8, there are still some notable differences between the two platforms, primarily involving compatibility.[5]

Included software

Main article: Office 2013 § Office RT

Windows RT does not include Windows Media Player, in favor of other multimedia apps found on Windows Store; on launch, these included apps for the popular video streaming service Netflix, and the in-house Xbox Music and Xbox Video services.[5]

In addition, all Windows RT devices include Office 2013 Home & Student RT—a special version of Microsoft Office (consisting of Excel, OneNote, PowerPoint, Word, along with Outlook beginning on 8.1) with optimizations for ARM-based systems. [4] As the version of Office RT included on Windows RT devices is based on the Home & Student version, it cannot be used for "commercial, nonprofit, or revenue-generating activities" unless the organization has a volume license for Office 2013, or the user has an Office 365 subscription with commercial use rights.[17][16]

Software compatibility

Although Windows RT still provides the traditional desktop environment alongside Windows 8's touch-oriented shell, the only desktop applications officially supported by Windows RT are those that come with the operating system itself (such as File Explorer, Internet Explorer, and the Office RT programs). Only Windows Store apps (obtained from its namesake store or sideloaded in enterprise environments) can be installed by users on Windows RT devices. The ability to run or port desktop applications compatible with previous versions of Windows is not offered, since Microsoft developers felt that they would not be properly optimized for the platform.[10] As a consequence, Windows RT also does not support "new-experience enabled" web browsers; a special class of app used on Windows 8 that allows web browsers to bundle variants that can run in the Metro shell and integrate with other apps, but still use Win32 code like desktop programs.[18][19]

Hardware compatibility

In a presentation at Windows 8's launch event in New York City, Steven Sinofsky claimed that Windows RT would support 420 million existing hardware devices and peripherals. However, full functionality will not be available for all devices, and some devices will not be supported at all.[20] Microsoft provides a "Compatibility Center" portal where users can search for compatibility information on devices with Windows RT; on launch, the site listed just over 30,000 devices that were compatible with the operating system.[21]

Device management

Windows RT does not support connecting to a domain for network logins, nor does it support using Group Policy for device management like normal versions of Windows 8. However, Exchange ActiveSync, the Windows Intune service, or System Center Configuration Manager 2012 SP1 can be used to provide some control over Windows RT devices in enterprise environments, such as the ability to apply security policies and provide a portal which can be used to sideload apps from outside Windows Store.[22]

Support lifecycle

Unlike Windows 8 (which, per standard policies for Windows releases, receives around 5 years of mainstream support), Microsoft did not announce any specific date for the end of mainstream support for Windows RT. The Surface tablet falls under Microsoft's support policies for consumer hardware, and will receive mainstream support until April 11, 2017.[2]

Devices

The Microsoft Surface tablet was created as a first-party device for Windows RT
Main article: List of Windows 8 and RT tablet devices

Microsoft imposes tight control on the development and production of Windows RT devices: they are designed in cooperation with the company, and must be built to strict design and hardware specifications, including requirements to only use "approved" models of certain components. To ensure hardware quality and control the number of devices released upon launch, the three participating ARM chip makers were only allowed to partner with up to two PC manufacturers to develop the first "wave" of Windows RT devices in Microsoft's development program. Qualcomm partnered with Samsung and HP, Nvidia with Asus and Lenovo, and Texas Instruments with Toshiba. Additionally, Microsoft partnered with Nvidia to produce its own Windows RT tablet, known as the Surface RT. The Surface RT is the first ever Windows PC to be manufactured and marketed directly by Microsoft.[23][24][25]

Toshiba and TI were the first to pull out of the development program, and TI later announced that it would stop developing ARM chipsets entirely for smartphones and tablets. HP also pulled out of the program, believing that Intel-compatible tablets were more appropriate for business use than ARM. HP was replaced by Dell as an alternate Qualcomm partner. Acer also intended to release a Windows RT device alongside its Windows 8-based products, but initially decided to delay it until the second quarter of 2013 in response to the mixed reaction to Surface. The unveiling of the Microsoft-developed tablet caught Acer by surprise, leading to concerns that Surface could leave "a huge negative impact for the [Windows] ecosystem and other brands."[26][23] Acer's president Jim Wong later reiterated its plans for Windows RT; he believed that there was "no value" in the current version, and would reconsider its plans for future Windows RT products upon the release of the 8.1 update.[27]

On August 9, 2013, Asus announced that it would no longer produce any Windows RT products; chairman Johnny Shih expressed displeasure at the market performance of Windows RT, considering it to be "not very promising".[28][29]

The first wave of Windows RT devices included:

Reception

See also: Windows 8 § Reception

Windows RT's launch devices received mixed reviews upon their release. Within a review of the Asus VivoTab RT by PC Advisor, its offering of a full-featured file manager (unlike other mobile operating systems) was cited as a positive aspect, but noted its incompatibility with x86 applications, and its lack of a proper default media player aside from the "shameless, in-your-face conduit to Xbox Music."[39] AnandTech believed Windows RT was the first "legitimately useful" mobile operating system, due in part to its multitasking system, bundled Office programs, smooth interface performance, and "decent" support for a wider variety of USB devices in comparison to other mobile operating systems on the ARM platform. However, the OS was panned for its slow application launch times in comparison to a recent iPad, spotty driver support for printers, and the small number of "quality" apps available on launch—but this considered to be a non-issue "[since] you can basically assume that the marketplace will expand significantly unless somehow everyone stops buying Windows-based systems on October 26th."[5][40]

Despite Steven Sinofsky promising that these differences would be adequately addressed in advertising, Microsoft was criticized for not properly communicating the differences between Windows 8 and RT to consumers. When pre-orders for the Surface tablet with Windows RT were opened, reports indicated that confusing wording was used on promotional web pages to allude to the limitations. In an investigative report by The Verge, it was also discovered that Microsoft Store representatives had varying levels of knowledge regarding the differences between Windows 8 and RT; many of them incorrectly claimed that Windows RT devices could run all applications compatible with Windows 8, including desktop programs. However, in response, Microsoft stated that staff at its retail outlets would be given an average of 15 hours of training prior to the launch of Windows 8 and Windows RT to ensure consumers are able to make the correct choice for their needs.[41]

Reception of the preview release of RT 8.1 was mixed; ExtremeTech noted that despite the tablet-oriented improvements brought by 8.1 (such as expanded tablet features and Outlook), poor performance still meant that "as it stands, we’re still not sure why you would ever opt to buy a Windows RT tablet when there are similarly priced Atom-powered x86 devices that run the full version of Windows 8."[15]

Market relevance and response

The need to market an ARM-compatible version of Windows was questioned by analysts due to recent developments in the PC industry; both Intel and AMD introduced x86-based system-on-chip designs for Windows 8, Atom "Clover Trail" and "Temash" respectively, in response to the growing competition from ARM licensees. In particular, Intel claimed that Clover Trail-based tablets could provide battery life rivaling that of ARM devices; in a test by PC World, Samsung's Clover Trail-based Ativ Smart PC was shown to have battery life exceeding that of the ARM-based Surface RT. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that Windows RT had no clear purpose, since the power advantage of ARM-based devices was "nowhere near as clear-cut as it was two years ago", and that users would be better off purchasing Office 2013 themselves due to the removed features and licensing restrictions of Office RT.[42][40][40][43]

Windows RT has also been met with lukewarm reaction from manufacturers; in June 2012, Hewlett-Packard cancelled its plans to release a Windows RT tablet, stating that its customers felt Intel-based tablets were more appropriate for use in business environments. In January 2013, Samsung cancelled the American release of its Windows RT tablet, the Ativ Tab, citing the unclear positioning of the operating system, "modest" demand for Windows RT devices, plus the effort and investment required to educate consumers on the differences between Windows 8 and RT as reasons for the move. Mike Abary, senior vice president of Samsung's U.S. PC and tablet businesses, also stated that the company was unable to build the Ativ Tab to meet its target price point—considering that lower cost was intended to be a selling point for Windows RT devices.[36] Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang expressed disappointment over the market performance of Windows RT, but called on Microsoft to continue increasing its concentration on the ARM platform. Huang also commented on the exclusion of Outlook from the Office 2013 suite included on the device, and suggested that Microsoft port the software for RT as well (in response to public demand, Microsoft announced the inclusion of Outlook with future versions of Windows RT in June 2013).[16][44] In May 2013, reports surfaced that HTC had scrapped plans to produce a 12-inch Windows RT tablet as it would cost too much to produce, and that there would be greater demand for smaller devices (which it planned to produce instead).[45]

The poor demand resulted in price cuts for various Windows RT products; in April 2013 Dell's XPS 10 fell from $450 US to $300, and Microsoft began offering free covers for its Surface tablet in some territories as a limited-time promotion—itself a $130 US value for the Type Cover alone.[46][47] Microsoft also reportedly began offering lower prices on Windows RT devices with smaller screens, hoping that the production of Windows RT devices in smaller form factors could help spur interest in the platform.[48] In July 2013, Microsoft reported a loss of $900 million due to the lackluster sales of Surface RT; concurrently, Microsoft cut the price of the Surface RT worldwide by 30%, with its U.S. price falling to $350.[49][50][51][52]

Restrictions and compatibility limitations

Microsoft requires certified Windows 8 hardware to be shipped with the UEFI secure boot feature enabled by default. Although other consumer electronics (including competing tablets and smartphones) have used similar protection measures to an extent, the requirement that Windows RT devices have secure boot permanently enabled was further criticized for harming user choice by preventing the installation of alternative operating systems such as Linux.[9][53][54][55][56]

The requirement to obtain most software on Windows RT through the Windows Store was considered to be similar in nature to the application stores on other "closed" mobile platforms; where only software certified under guidelines issued by the vendor (i.e. Microsoft) can be distributed in the store.[57] Microsoft was also criticized by the developers of the Firefox web browser for effectively preventing the development of third-party web browsers for Windows RT (and thus forcing use of its own Internet Explorer browser) by restricting the development of desktop applications and by not providing the same APIs and exceptions available on Windows 8 to code web browsers that can run in the "Metro" shell.[10][19]

"Jailbreak" exploit

In January 2013, a privilege escalation exploit was discovered in the Windows kernel that can allow unsigned code to run under Windows RT; the exploit involved the use of a remote debugging tool (provided by Microsoft to debug WinRT apps on Windows RT devices) to execute code which changes the signing level stored in RAM to allow unsigned code to execute (by default, it is set to a level that only allows code signed by Microsoft to execute).[58] Alongside his explanation of the exploit, the developer also included a personal appeal to Microsoft urging them to remove the restrictions on Windows RT devices, contending that their decision was not for technical reasons, and that the devices would be more valuable if this functionality were available.[59] In a statement, a Microsoft spokesperson applauded the effort, indicating that the exploit does not pose a security threat because it requires administrative access to the device, advanced techniques, and would still require programs to be re-compiled for ARM. However, Microsoft has still indicated that the exploit would be patched in a future update.[60]

A batch file-based tool soon surfaced on XDA Developers to assist users in the process of performing the exploit, and a variety of ported desktop applications began to emerge, such as the emulator Bochs (demonstrated by a user running Apple's x86-based Rhapsody operating system as a proof of concept, "because Windows 95 is too boring"), PuTTY, and TightVNC.[58][61][62][63]

See also

References

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