Nonlinear realization

Nonlinear realization of a Lie group $G$ possessing a Cartan subgroup $H$ is a particular induced representation of $G$. In fact it is a representation of a Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ of $G$ in a neighborhood of its origin.

A nonlinear realization technique is part and parcel of many field theories with spontaneous symmetry breaking, e.g., nonlinear sigma model, chiral symmetry breaking, Goldstone boson theory, classical Higgs field theory, gauge gravitation theory and supergravity.

Let $G$ be a Lie group and $H$ its Cartan subgroup which admits a linear representation in a vector space $V$. A Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ of $G$ is split into the sum ${\mathfrak {g}}={\mathfrak {h}}+{\mathfrak {f}}$ of the Cartan subalgebra ${\mathfrak {h}}$ of $H$ and its supplement ${\mathfrak {f}}$ so that

$[{\mathfrak {f}},{\mathfrak {f}}]\subset {\mathfrak {h}},\qquad [{\mathfrak {f}},{\mathfrak {h}}]\subset {\mathfrak {f}}.$

There exists an open neighbourhood $U$ of the unit of $G$ such that any element $g\in U$ is uniquely brought into the form

$g=\exp(F)\exp(I),\qquad F\in {\mathfrak {f}},\qquad I\in {\mathfrak {h}}.$

Let $U_{G}$ be an open neighborhood of the unit of $G$ such that $U_{G}^{2}\subset U$, and let $U_{0}$ be an open neighborhood of the $H$-invariant center $\sigma _{0}$ of the quotient $G/H$ which consists of elements

$\sigma =g\sigma _{0}=\exp(F)\sigma _{0},\qquad g\in U_{G}.$

Then there is a local section $s(g\sigma _{0})=\exp(F)$ of $G\to G/H$ over $U_{0}$. With this local section, one can define the induced representation, called the nonlinear realization, of elements $g\in U_{G}\subset G$ on $U_{0}\times V$ given by the expressions

$g\exp(F)=\exp(F')\exp(I'),\qquad g:(\exp(F)\sigma _{0},v)\to (\exp(F')\sigma _{0},\exp(I')v).$

The corresponding nonlinear realization of a Lie algebra ${\mathfrak {g}}$ of $G$ takes the following form. Let $\{F_{\alpha }\}$, $\{I_{a}\}$ be the bases for ${\mathfrak {f}}$ and ${\mathfrak {h}}$, respectively, together with the commutation relations

$[I_{a},I_{b}]=c_{ab}^{d}I_{d},\qquad [F_{\alpha },F_{\beta }]=c_{\alpha \beta }^{d}I_{d},\qquad [F_{\alpha },I_{b}]=c_{\alpha b}^{\beta }F_{\beta }.$

Then a desired nonlinear realization of ${\mathfrak {g}}$ in ${\mathfrak {f}}\times V$ reads

$F_{\alpha }:(\sigma ^{\gamma }F_{\gamma },v)\to (F_{\alpha }(\sigma ^{\gamma })F_{\gamma },F_{\alpha }(v)),\qquad I_{a}:(\sigma ^{\gamma }F_{\gamma },v)\to (I_{a}(\sigma ^{\gamma })F_{\gamma },I_{a}v),$,

$F_{\alpha }(\sigma ^{\gamma })=\delta _{\alpha }^{\gamma }+{\frac {1}{12}}(c_{\alpha \mu }^{\beta }c_{\beta \nu }^{\gamma }-3c_{\alpha \mu }^{b}c_{\nu b}^{\gamma })\sigma ^{\mu }\sigma ^{\nu },\qquad I_{a}(\sigma ^{\gamma })=c_{a\nu }^{\gamma }\sigma ^{\nu },$

up to the second order in $\sigma ^{\alpha }$. In physical models, the coefficients $\sigma ^{\alpha }$ are treated as Goldstone fields. Similarly, nonlinear realization of Lie superalgebras is comsidered.

See also

• Induced representation

References

• Coleman S., Wess J., Zumino B., Structure of phenomenological Lagrangians, I, II, Phys. Rev. 177 (1969) 2239.
• Joseph A., Solomon A., Global and infinitesimal nonlinear chiral transformations, J. Math. Phys. 11 (1970) 748.
• Giachetta G., Mangiarotti L., Sardanashvily G., Advanced Classical Field Theory, World Scientific, 2009, ISBN 978-981-283-895-7.

External links

• Sardanashvily G., Reduction of principal superbundles, Higgs superfields, and supermetric. Appendix: Nonlinear realization, arXiv: hep-th/060970.