Subobject classifier

In category theory, a subobject classifier is a special object Ω of a category; intuitively, the subobjects of an object X correspond to the morphisms from X to Ω. Intuitively, as the name suggests, what a subobject classifier does is to identify/classify subobjects of a given object according to which elements belong to the subobject in question. Because of this role, the subobject classifier is also referred to as the "truth value object". In fact the way in which the subobject classifier classifies subobjects of a given object, is by assigning the values true to elements belonging to the subobject in question, and false to elements not belonging to the subobject. This is why the subobject classifier is widely used in the categorical description of logic.

Introductory example

As an example, the set Ω = {0,1} is a subobject classifier in the category of sets and functions: to every subset   j  : U → X we can assign the function χ_j from X to Ω that maps precisely the elements of U to 1 (see characteristic function). Every function from X to Ω arises in this fashion from precisely one subset U.

To be clearer, consider a subset A of S (A ⊆ S), where S is a set. The notion of being a subset can be expressed mathematically using the so-called characteristic function χ_A : S → {0,1}, which is defined as follows:

$\chi _{A}(x)={\begin{cases}0,&{\mbox{if }}x\notin A\\1,&{\mbox{if }}x\in A\end{cases}}$

(Here we interpret 1 as true and 0 as false.) The role of the characteristic function is to determine which elements belong or not to a certain subset. Since in any category subobjects are identified as monic arrows, we identify the value true with the arrow: true: {0} → {0, 1} which maps 0 to 1. Given this definition, the subset A can be uniquely defined through the characteristic function A = χ_A⁻¹(1). Therefore the diagram

is a pullback.

The above example of subobject classifier in Set is very useful because it enables us to easily prove the following axiom:

Axiom: Given a category C, then there exists an isomorphism,

y: Sub_C(X) ≅ Hom_C(X, Ω) ∀ X ∈ C

In Set this axiom can be restated as follows:

Axiom: The collection of all subsets of S denoted by ${\mathcal {P}}(S)$, and the collection of all maps from S to the set {0, 1} = 2 denoted by 2^S are isomorphic i.e. the function $y:{\mathcal {P}}(S)\rightarrow 2^{S}$, which in terms of single elements of ${\mathcal {P}}(S)$ is A → χ_A, is a bijection.

The above axiom implies the alternative definition of a subobject classifier:

Definition: Ω is a subobject classifier iff there is a one to one correspondence between subobjects of X and morphisms from X to Ω.

Definition

For the general definition, we start with a category C that has a terminal object, which we denote by 1. The object Ω of C is a subobject classifier for C if there exists a morphism

1 → Ω

with the following property:

for each monomorphism j: U → X there is a unique morphism χ _j: X → Ω such that the following commutative diagram

is a pullback diagram — that is, U is the limit of the diagram:

The morphism χ _j is then called the classifying morphism for the subobject represented by j.

Further examples

Every topos has a subobject classifier. For the topos of sheaves of sets on a topological space X, it can be described in these terms: For any open set U of X, $\Omega (U)$ is the set of all open subsets of U. Roughly speaking an assertion inside this topos is variably true or false, and its truth value from the viewpoint of an open subset U is the open subset of U where the assertion is true.

For a small category $C$, the subobject classifer in the topos of presheaves ${\mathcal {S}}^{C^{op}}$ is given as follows. For any $c\in C$, $\Omega (c)$ is the set of sieves on $c$.

References

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• Bell, John (1988). Toposes and Local Set Theories: an Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Goldblatt, Robert (1983). Topoi: The Categorial Analysis of Logic. North-Holland, Reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc (2006). ISBN 0-444-85207-7.
• Johnstone, Peter (2002). Sketches of an Elephant: A Topos Theory Compendium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Johnstone, Peter (1977). Topos Theory. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-387850-0.
• Mac Lane, Saunders (1992). Sheaves in Geometry and Logic: a First Introduction to Topos Theory. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97710-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• McLarty, Colin (1992). Elementary Categories, Elementary Toposes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853392-6.
• Taylor, Paul (1999). Practical Foundations of Mathematics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63107-6.
• Topos-physics: An explanation of Topos theory and its implementation in Physics

Topos-physics, Where Geometry meets Dynamics