Segolate
Segolates are words in the Hebrew language whose end is of the form CVCVC, where the penultimate vowel receives syllable stress. Such words are called "segolates" because the final unstressed vowel is typically (but not always) segol. These words evolved from older Canaanite and Semitic words that ended with two consonants; indeed, when a suffix (other than an absolute plural) is added to a segolate, the original form (or something similar) reappears (cf. kéleḇ "dog" vs. kalbī "my dog").
Examples:
| *Ancient | Tiberian | Stem | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ʼarṥ | אֶרֶץ/אָרֶץ | ʼéreṣ/ʼāreṣ | אַרְצ- | ʼarṣ- | earth; land |
| *ʼurn | אֹרֶן | ʼōren | אָרְנ- | ʼorn- | pine tree |
| *baʻl | בַּעַל/בָּעַל | báʻal/bāʻal | בַּעֲל- | baʻăl- | husband |
| *zarʻ | זֶרַע/זָרַע | zéraʻ/zāraʻ | זַרְע- | zarʻ- | seed |
| *yayn | יַיִן/יָיִן | yáyin/yāyin | יֵינ- | yên- | wine |
| *malḥ | מֶלַח/מָלַח | mélaḥ/mālaḥ | מַלְח- | malḥ- | salt |
| *malk | מֶלֶך/מָלֶך | méleḵ/māleḵ | מַלְכּ- | malk- | king |
| *kalb | כֶּלֶב/כָּלֶב | kéleḇ/kāleḇ | כַּלְבּ- | kalb- | dog |
| *laḥy | לֶחִי/לָחִי | léḥî/lāḥî | לַחֲי- | laḥăy- | cheek; tool jaw |
| *ʻIbr | עֵבֶר | ʻĒḇer | עִבְר- | ʻIḇr- | Eber |
| *ʻayn | עַיִן/עָיִן | ʻáyin/ʻāyin | עֵינ- | ʻên- | eye |
| *ṣadq | צֶדֶק/צָדֶק | ṣéḏeq/ṣāḏeq | צַדְק- | ṣaḏq- | righteousness |
The ancient forms like *CawC (such as šawr "bull") almost universally evolved to non-segolate CôC (שׁוֹר šôr), though there are exceptions, such as the segolated proper name דָּוִד Dāwiḏ (David), which evolved from older *dawd. The same ancient form evolved into the Hebrew word דּוֹד dôḏ, which means "uncle" or (poetically) "beloved". The proper name also carries this meaning.
Classical Arabic still preserves forms similar to the reconstructed Ancient Hebrew forms, e.g. ʼarḍ "earth", kalb "dog", ʻayn "eye", ṣidq "sincerity". (Some modern dialects insert an epenthetic vowel between the final two consonants, similar to what happened in Hebrew.