Jump to content

IPv6 transition mechanism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by FlashUpdate (talk | contribs) at 12:59, 24 September 2012 (Add a section about Tunnel Brokers). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
IPv6 transition mechanisms
Standards Track
Experimental
Informational
Drafts
Deprecated

IPv6 transition mechanisms are technologies that facilitate the transitioning of the Internet from its initial (and current) IPv4 infrastructure to the successor addressing and routing system of Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). As IPv4 and IPv6 networks are not directly interoperable, these technologies are designed to permit hosts on either network to participate in networking with the opposing network.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) conducts working groups and discussions through the IETF Internet Drafts and Requests for Comments processes to develop these methods. Some basic IPv6 transition mechanisms are defined in RFC 4213.

Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT)

Stateless IP/ICMP Translation (SIIT) translates between the packet header formats in IPv6 and IPv4. The SIIT method defines a class of IPv6 addresses called IPv4-translated addresses. They have the prefix ::ffff:0:0:0/96 and may be written as ::ffff:0:a.b.c.d, in which the IPv4 formatted address a.b.c.d refers to an "IPv6-enabled" node. The prefix was chosen to yield a zero-valued checksum to avoid changes to the transport protocol header checksum.[1]

The algorithm can be used in a solution that allows IPv6 hosts, that do not have a permanently assigned IPv4 address, to communicate with IPv4-only hosts. Address assignment and routing details are not addressed by the specification.

The specification is a product of the NGTRANS IETF working group, and was initially drafted in February 2000 as RFC 2765 by E. Nordmark of Sun Microsystems. RFC 2765 was obsoleted by RFC 6145 in 2011.[2] The address format part of RFC 2765 is defined in RFC 6052. [3] The framework of IPv4/IPv6 translation is defined in RFC 6144. [4]

Tunnel Broker

Main article: Tunnel Broker

A Tunnel Broker combines several IPv6 Transition Mechanisms and enables users to actively use them.

The primary transition mechanism provided by a Tunnel broker is IPv6 in IPv4 tunnelling, usually with the help of 6in4, TSP or AYIYA tunnels.

The first tunnel brokers where demonstrated in February 1999[5].

6rd

Main article: IPv6 rapid deployment

6rd is a mechanism to facilitate rapid deployment of the IPv6 service across IPv4 infrastructures of Internet service providers (ISPs). It uses stateless address mappings between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and transmits IPv6 packets across automatic tunnels that follow the same optimized routes between customer nodes as IPv4 packets.

It has been used for the first large deployment of an IPv6 service with native addresses at the end of 2007 (RFC 5569 [6]). The standard-track specification of the protocol is in RFC 5969.[7]

Transport Relay Translation (TRT)

RFC 3142 defines the Transport Relay Translation (TRT) method. This is the most common form of NAT-PT/NAPT-PT[citation needed] but relies on DNS translation between AAAA and A records known as DNS-ALG as defined in RFC 2694.

NAT64

Main article: NAT64
NAT64 and DNS64.

NAT64 is a mechanism to allow IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 servers. The NAT64 server is the endpoint for at least one IPv4 address and an IPv6 network segment of 32-bits (for instance 64:ff9b::/96, see RFC 6052, RFC 6146). The IPv6 client embeds the IPv4 address it wishes to communicate with using these bits, and sends its packets to the resulting address. The NAT64 server then creates a NAT-mapping between the IPv6 and the IPv4 address, allowing them to communicate.[8]

DNS64

DNS64 describes a DNS server that when asked for a domain's AAAA records, but only finds A records, synthesizes the AAAA records from the A records. The first part of the synthesized IPv6 address points to a IPv6/IPv4 translator and the second part embeds the IPv4 address from the A record. The translator in question is usually a NAT64 server. The standard-track specification of DNS64 is in RFC 6147.[9]

There are two noticeable issues with this transition mechanism:

  • It only works for cases where DNS is used to find the remote host address, if IPv4 literals are used the DNS64 server will never be involved.
  • Because the DNS64 server needs to return records not specified by the domain owner, DNSSEC validation against the root will fail in cases where the DNS server doing the translation is not the domain owner's server.

Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite)

"DS-Lite" redirects here. For the video game system, see Nintendo DS Lite.
DS-Lite

Because of IPv4 address exhaustion, Dual-Stack Lite was designed to let an Internet service provider omit the deployment of any IPv4 address to the customer's Customer-premises equipment (CPE). Instead, only global IPv6 addresses are provided. (Regular Dual-Stack deploys global addresses for both IPv4 and IPv6.)

The CPE distributes private IPv4 addresses for the LAN clients, the same as a NAT device. The subnet information is arbitrarily chosen by the customer, identically to the NAT model. However, instead of performing the NAT itself, the CPE encapsulates the IPv4 packet inside an IPv6 packet. The CPE uses its global IPv6 connection to deliver the packet to the ISP's Carrier-grade NAT (CGN), which has a global IPv4 address. The IPv6 packet is decapsulated, restoring the original IPv4 packet. NAT is performed upon the IPv4 packet and is routed to the public IPv4 Internet. The CGN uniquely identifies traffic flows by recording the CPE public IPv6 address, the private IPv4 address, and TCP or UDP port number as a session.[10]

Draft proposals

These mechanisms are still being discussed or have been abandoned by the IETF.

4rd

Main article: IPv4 Residual Deployment (4rd)

4rd is a mechanism to facilitate residual deployment of the IPv4 service across IPv6 networks. Like 6rd, it uses stateless address mappings between IPv6 and IPv4. It supports an extension of IPv4 address based on transport-layer ports. This is similar to A+P, but with each customer having a port set of up to 4 port ranges, and with port sets algorithmically derived from customer IPv6 prefixes.

Deprecated methods

These mechanisms have been deprecated by the IETF.

NAT-PT

Network Address Translation/Protocol Translation (or simply NAT-PT) is defined in RFC 2766 but due to numerous problems, it has been obsoleted by RFC 4966 and deprecated to historic status. It is typically used in conjunction with a DNS application-level gateway (DNS-ALG) implementation.

NAPT-PT

While almost identical to NAT-PT, Network Address Port Translation + Protocol Translation which is also described in RFC 2766 adds translation of the ports as well as the address. This is done primarily to avoid two hosts on one side of the mechanism from using the same exposed port on the other side of the mechanism, which could cause application instability and/or security flaws. This mechanism has been deprecated by RFC 4966.

Implementations

See also

References

  1. ^ RFC 2765 - Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT), E. Normark (February 2000)
  2. ^ RFC 6145 IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm
  3. ^ RFC 6052 - IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators
  4. ^ RFC 6144 - Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation
  5. ^ RFC:3053
  6. ^ RFC 5569 IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd)
  7. ^ RFC 5969 IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) -- Protocol Specification
  8. ^ RFC 6146 Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers
  9. ^ RFC 6147 DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers
  10. ^ RFC 6333 - Dual-Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion
  • IPv6 in Practice, Benedikt Stockebrand (2006), ISBN 3-540-24524-3
  • RFC 2767, Bump-in-the-Stack
  • RFC 3338, Bump-in-the-API
  • RFC 3089, Socks-based Gateway
  • RFC 6219, The China Education and Research Network (CERNET) IVI Translation Design and Deployment for the IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence and Transition
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPv6_transition_mechanism&oldid=514309661"