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Lambtron: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental disorder in which two or more distinct identities (or personality states) control a person's behavior at different times. When under the control of one identity, the person is usually unable to remember some of the events that occurred while another identity was in control. The different identities, referred to as alters, may exhibit differences in speech, mannerisms, attitudes, thoughts, and gender orientation. These symptoms are not accounted for by substance abuse, fantasy behavior, or seizures or other medical conditions, nor are they motivated by potential financial or forensic gain (malingering) or artifacts of help-seeking behavior (factitious disorder). Diagnosis can be difficult as DID sometimes coexists with other mental disorders.
WLU: Dissociative identity disorder (DID), also known as multiple personality disorder,[1] is a mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that alternately control a person's behavior, and is accompanied by memory impairment for important information not explained by ordinary forgetfulness. These symptoms are not accounted for by substance abuse, seizures, other medical condition or fantasy behavior in children.[2] Diagnosis is often difficult as there is considerable comorbidity with other mental disorders. Malingering should be ruled out if there is possible financial or forensic gain, as well as factitious disorder if help-seeking behavior is prominent.[2]
rest of leade
DID is one of the most controversial psychiatric disorders with no clear consensus regarding its diagnosis or treatment.[3] Research on treatment effectiveness still focuses mainly on clinical approaches and case studies. Dissociative symptoms range from common lapses in attention, becoming distracted by something else, and daydreaming, to pathological dissociative disorders.[4] No systematic, empirically-supported definition of "dissociation" exists.[5]
Although neither epidemiological surveys nor longitudinal studies have been done, it is thought DID rarely resolves spontaneously. Symptoms are said to vary over time.[4] In general, the prognosis is poor, especially for those with co-morbid disorders.
There is little systematic data on the prevalence of DID.[6] Some evidence indicates a rate of between 1 and 3% in the general population, and between 1 and 5% in inpatient groups in Europe and North America.[7] DID is diagnosed more frequently in North America than in the rest of the world, and is 5 to 9 times more common in females than males.[8][9][6]
Dissociative disorders including DID have been attributed to trauma and other forms of stress that caused memory to separate or dissociate, but research on this hypothesis has been characterized by poor methodology. So far, experimental studies, usually focusing on memory, have been few and the research has been inconclusive.[10] An alternative hypotheses for its etiology is that DID is a product of techniques employed by some therapists, especially those using hypnosis, and disagreement between the two positions is characterized by intense debate.[11][3] It became a popular diagnosis in the 1970s, 80s and 90s but it is unclear if the actual incidence of the disorder increased, if it was more recognized by clinicians, or if sociocultural factors caused an increase in iatrogenic presentations. The unusual number of diagnoses after 1980, clustered around a small number of clinicians and the suggestibility characteristic of those with DID, support the hypothesis that DID is therapist-induced.[12] The unusual clustering of diagnoses has also been explained as due to a lack of awareness and training among clinicians to recognize cases of DID.[13]