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Article structure guidelines

With a few suggestions for unified phrasings. (Note that the coding of headings is different only for this illustration, the usual article editing guidelines apply.) (_ElementDescription_ is something like: "silvery and ductile member of the poor metal group of chemical elements.")

See also: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (chemistry)/Elements/draft

__ is a _ElementDescription_. Its symbol is __ and its atomic number is __.

Or alternatively for short-lived synthetic elements:

__ is a synthetic element in the periodic table that has the symbol __ and atomic number __.

Characteristics

Physical

Describe the basic properties of the element (not its compounds) in everday life: physical state (we assume STP), electrical/thermal conductivity, color. Follow this part with more complex content such as ionization potentials, electron configuration, heat of vapourization, etc. If there a lot to say about about any one item, say allotropes, then a separate ===Allotropes=== subsection would probably be helpful.

Chemical

Reactions of the element (principal compounds comprise a separate section). Reactions with water, air (corrosion), redox potential of the element.

Isotopes

Discuss isotopes per suggested boilerplate text below. If appropriate, also discuss nucleosynthesis in stars / nova.
Main article: Isotopes of X

Naturally occurring _ is composed of _ stable isotopes, _-_, _-_, and _-_, with _-_ being the most abundant (_% natural abundance).[1] Out of these, _ are of use in NMR and EPR spectroscopy.[2] _ radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most {abundant and/or stable} being _-_ with a half-life of _, _-_ with a half-life of _, and _-_ with a half-life of _.[1] All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than _, and the majority of these have half lives that are less than _.[1] This element also has _ nuclear isomers, with the longest-lived being _m-_ (t½ _), _m-_ (t½ _) and _m-_ (t½ _).[1] The nuclei of nuclear isomers exist in a delicate equilibrium or metastability due to at least one nucleon having an excited energy state.

The isotopes of _ range in mass number from _ to _ .[1] The most common decay mode(s) of _ isotopes with mass numbers lower than the most abundant stable isotope, _-_, is/are [[{name of decay mode}]] /and [[{name of decay mode}]], primarily forming _ isotopes (_ protons) /and _ isotopes (_ protons) as decay products.[1] The most common decay mode(s) for _ isotopes with mass numbers higher than _-_, are [[{name of decay mode}]] /and [[{name of decay mode}]]. primarily forming _ isotopes (_ protons) /and _ isotopes (_ protons) as decay products.[1]

Occurrence

Amount of element in ... the solar system, earth, crust, water, atmosphere, humans and other organisms (as available and appropriate). Discuss ores and minerals, mentioning global reserves.

Production

Not needed for elements that are not extensively mined, refined or used. Mention mining amounts, extraction techniques and amount of pure element or other derivatives produced for industry each year here. Also mention any environmental/pollution issues associated with the processing.
Information about the price is usually placed at the bottom of this section. Specify as of when is the information. Where applicable, state purity or type and use relevant industry standard units for currency and amount (example: US$ per troy ounce for gold). Indicate trends and provide a link to a live source where possible. Information about many commodities is available at [1] for example.

Compounds

This section is longer than ===chemical characteristics=== above, which is largely restricted to the element (otherwise these sections are semi-redundant). Main binary compounds should be discussed; separating them by oxidation state. Comments on geometry, magnetism and a feel for the reactivity. Aqueous behavior toward bases and acids (i.e. the element-ATE ions). Where appropriate, separate section on organic/organometallic derivatives (for most elements, an article exists on "organo... compound", so {{main|organo...}} is indicated.
section with subsections and possibly a Main Article link to a "Compounds of ..." daughter article.

History

If the element was not known to the ancients, then mention who discovered it (and/or its oxide) and how (mention other contributors as well). If known by the ancients, then mention by what cultures, when first used (best evidence) and what the element was used for. Briefly mention major historical uses of the element and its major oxides (if applicable). Mention any notable use by alchemists and provide an image of alchemical symbol. A portrait of the discoverer should probably be included. Other major developments should be summarized such as technologies for the extraction or utilization.

Applications

Ranked in order of usage, ideally with graphic (pie-chart) showing use-fractions. Most real-world applications are prosaic and might not appeal to many academic editors. Most metals are used as the metals, not compounds. Laboratory reagents consume negligible amounts of production stream, so this content should not be allowed to dominate. Enumerating other niche uses similarly can overwhelm almost any article (e.g. copper is used to make door knobs). Avoid lists.
There's always some tension between the largest uses of an element, and how much to write about them. For example, 93% of world potassium production is for fertilizer, but it 93% of the potassium#Applications should not be about fertilizer! Similarly, bio-centric/medicinal uses of an element merit attention well-beyond beyond their use-fractions.

Biological role

Approximately 20 elements are required by higher organisms. Discuss how the element is used in organisms (prominent enzymes/proteins) and how the element manifests itself. Discuss how a deficiency of the element affects health. Toxic effects should be placed in the ==Precautions== section.

Precautions

NFPA 704
safety square
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondSpecial hazards (white): no code

H=? NFPA code error.
F=? NFPA code error.
I=? NFPA code error.
Discuss toxic effects and amount needed to be toxic to humans and other organisms. Mention handling standards and notable accidents involving improper handling (if not already mentioned in ==History== section). Any mention of deliberate use as a toxin should go in the ==Applications== section. Particularly toxic elements should include an NFPA 704 diagram. ("fire diamond"). Note that extensive toxicity and hazard material is available to casual editors, so this section is reserved for highly notable information, e.g. arsenic is highly toxic, but we do not discuss that combining sodium and water is dangerous (that would go into the chemical characteristics section).

Notes

Only needed if <ref group="note">explanatory note here</ref> is used to add inline footnotes to provide more detailed explanations that would otherwise disturb the flow of the prose. They are rarely needed.

References

Place <references/> here. This section will automatically list all inline citations using the <ref></ref> markup. Especially for articles on elements, references are reserved for texts, monographs, review series. Primary journals are cited mainly to illustrate points.
  1. ^ a b c d e f g NNDC contributors (2008). Alejandro A. Sonzogni (Database Manager) (ed.). "Chart of Nuclides". Upton (NY): National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-09-13. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi
May include, not all links applicable everywhere:

Bibliography

References are mainly reserved for major texts, monographs, review series. Primary journals are cited mainly to illustrate points. List all multipage reference works that are cited multiple times on different pages here. Inline cites in the prose that reference works listed here need to indicate author's last name, year of publication and page number. Example: Weeks 1933, p. 22. The {{harvnb}} template could also be used to give. Weeks 1933, p. 22
  • CRC contributors (2006). David R. Lide (editor) (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th edition ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help); |edition= has extra text (help)
  • Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198503407.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Stwertka, Albert (1998). Guide to the Elements (Revised Edition ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Greenwood, N. N. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed. ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • {Author} (1968). Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. LCCN 68-29938. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Heiserman, David L. "Element 00: ElementName". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. ISBN 0-8306-3018-X.
  • Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. ISBN 0766138720. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

- _

Notes on some common references
  • Husted, Robert (2003-12-15). "ElementName". Periodic Table of the Elements. Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Even though this text was paid for by CA State and US Federal tax dollars, the UC Regents claims a restrictive copyright so it is NOT public domain and therefore cannot be copied. Instead, use it as any other reference. In addition, the LANL periodic table hasn't been touched since 1997 but it has won several awards.
Statistics and Information This is public domain material and can be copied verbatim but it isn't available for every element. The text may also be under a different name. They sometimes combine entries, such as iron and steel. If nothing comes up, then look for the element at http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ .
Periodic Table - _ This is public domain isotope info and can be copied verbatim but it is very technical and usually only the first paragraph or two are useable at all (the focus of the USGS period table is hydrology and we needn't fill our period table with material that is that specialized). Not all elements are included in this source.
  • van der Krogt, Peter (2005). "{ElementName}". Elementymology & Elements Multidict.
Can't be used directly because it is self-published work and thus not a reliable source, but a good starting point to get oriented about an elements discovery and naming. Any info obtained from that website must be independently verified and cited to the alternate, more reliable, source. Luckily, van der Krogt is pretty good and citing sources.
Is a good and reliable starting point for the chemistry sections of transition metals.
Good for precautions issues.
Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Is a good review for some metals and minerals.

Reference data pages

The List of data references for chemical elements is divided into datasheets that give values for many properties of the elements, together with various references. Each datasheet is sequenced by atomic number.

References for chemical elements

Previous data sources

The earlier guide for acquiring the data included these sources:

NOTE: struck items are explicitly no longer recommended for use for any data in element articles. When found, these references should be replaced by more reliable sources.
  • http://www.WebElements.com/ for series, period, block, density, appearance, atomic weight, atomic/covalent/van der Waals radii, electron configuration, electrons per energy level, state of matter at STP, melting and boiling point at SP, molar volume, velocity of sound, ionization potentials.
  • http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/ for hardness (Mohs), oxidation states, crystal structure, heats of vaporization/fusion, vapor pressure, electronegativity, specific heat capacity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, nuclides.
The recommendation regarding which nuclides should be included in the infobox table has been: "Choose all the stable forms and only a small selection of the most stable radioisotopes."

Color standard

Table headings all have fill colors that match the fill colors used for that element's chemical series in the periodic table. Their text color is black for elements that are solid at ambient conditions, green for liquids, and red for gases. Color scheme and rationale for the table:

chemical series color code description
alkali metals #ff6666 Very reactive and therefore dangerous = red.
alkaline earth metals #ffdead Nice earthy color = easy to remember.
lanthanides #ffbfff The current color was chosen arbitrarily.
actinides #ff99cc The current color was chosen arbitrarily.
transition metals #ffc0c0 Another shade of gray (or even silver) would work here. But that would make the table a bit drab and the colors of the metals and transitions metals too similar.
poor metals #cccccc True metals are closest in color to gray.
metalloids #cccc99 Intermediate color between above and below.
nonmetals #a0ffa0 Elements most essential to life. Most life on Earth (measured by biomass) is photosynthetic and chlorophyll is green.
halogens #ffff99 Fluorine gas is yellowish as are many precipitates of halogens.
noble gases #c0ffff Non-reactive for practical purposes. Cyan is soft and soothing (it is also the opposite of red).
unknown chemical properties #e8e8e8 This particular shade of gray usually signifies "unknown".
undiscovered #ffffff White usually signifies "unknown", it being a blank space where the element symbol is floating.
superactinides #80a0e9 The current color was chosen arbitrarily.

Templates of the form {{Element color/Alkali metals}} are also available to include these color codes.

The current standard for element series is as follows for all discovered elements so far:

chemical series color code elements
alkali metals #ff6666 Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
alkaline earth metals #ffdead Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
lanthanides #ffbfff La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
actinides #ff99cc Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr
transition metals #ffc0c0 Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Cn
poor metals #cccccc Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po
metalloids #cccc99 B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
nonmetals #a0ffa0 H, C, N, O, P, S, Se
halogens #ffff99 F, Cl, Br, I, At
noble gases #c0ffff He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
unknown chemical properties #e8e8e8 Mt, Ds, Rg, Uut, Fl, Uup, Lv, Uus, Uuo
undiscovered #ffffff All elements heavier than Uuo.

Note that the lanthanides and actinides are also transition metals, and the halogens and noble gases are also nonmetals, but they are not coloured as such for usability.

Locator map image

Currently, the periodic table locator map images are no longer images, but instead are now clickable periodic tables with functionality similar to that of Template:Compact periodic table.

The periodic table locator map images at the top of most infobox tables were 250 pixel wide images (naming scheme "symbol-TableImage.png") created from 890 pixel wide images (named "symbol-TableImage-BIG.png", not all available). Later some but not all "symbol-TableImage.png"s were adapted to use the big version directly and let the Wiki software downscale automatically. A set of these images was uploaded to commons:periodic table.

The master image template is media:Perio Table.png. Source images for each period are at media:-TableImage-BIG-Period1.png to media:-TableImage-BIG-Period8.png.

  • The font type for the lettering is Helvetica (urw), medium, with unscaled font sizes for the element symbol of 56 and the nucleons of 38, respectively.
  • The element highlight box should be black, 2 pixels wide and within the element's box.
  • The images for the different crystal structures are at crystal structure and are already the right size for the large image.
  • Images of the different shell structures and blocks are already on each of the different period templates.
  • No part of the images is in English so they may be usable for many languages.
  • You may also notice a single black dot as a guide near where the element's symbol is supposed to go.
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