Arrayed waveguide grating

Template:Wikify-date Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) systems. These devices are capable of (de)multiplexing a large number of wavelengths into a single optical fiber, thereby increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks considerably.

The devices are based on a fundamental principle of optics that light waves of different wavelengths do not interfere with each other. If each channel in an optical communication network makes use of light of a slightly different wavelength, then the light from a large number of these channels can be carried by a single optical fiber with negligible cross-talk between the channels. The AWGs are used to multiplex channels of several wavelengths on to a single optical fiber at transmission end and also used as demultiplexers to retrieve individual channels data of different wavelengths at receiving end of an optical communication network.

Operation of AWG devices

The incoming light (1) traverses a free space (2) and enters a bundle of optical fibers (3). The fibers have different length and thus apply a different phase shift. At the exit of the fibers (3) the light traverses another free space (4) and interferes at the entries of the output fibers (5) in such a way that each output chanel receives only light of a certain wavelength. The orange lines only illustrate the light path. The light path from (1) to (5) is a demultiplexer, from (5) to (1) a multiplexer.

Conventional silica-based AWGs schematically shown in the above figure, are planar lightwave circuits fabricated by depositing doped and undoped layers of silica on a silicon substrate. The AWGs consist of a number of input (1) / output (5) couplers, a free space propagation region (2) and (4) and the grating waveguides (3). The grating consists of a large number of waveguides with a constant length increment (ΔL). Light is coupled into the device via an optical fiber (1) connected to the input port. Light diffracting out of the input waveguide at the coupler/slab interface propagates through the free-space region (2) and illuminates the grating with a Gaussian distribution. Each wavelength of light coupled to the grating waveguides (3), undergo a constant change of phase attributed to the constant length increment in grating waveguides. Light diffracted from each waveguide of the grating interferes constructively and gets refocused at the output waveguides (5), with the spatial position, the output channels, being wavelength dependent on the array phase shift.

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