Abstraction inversion
 | This article may contain excessive or irrelevant examples. |
| This article possibly contains original research. (May 2009) |
In computer programming, abstraction inversion is an anti-pattern arising when users of a construct need functions implemented within it but not exposed by its interface. The result is that the users re-implement the required functions in terms of the interface, which in its turn uses the internal implementation of the same functions.
Possible ill-effects are:
- The user of such a re-implemented function may seriously underestimate its running-costs.
- The user of the construct is forced to obscure his implementation with complex mechanical details.
- Many users attempt to solve the same problem, increasing the risk of error.
Abstraction inversion in practice
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Ways to avoid this anti-pattern include:
- For designers of lower-level software:
- If your system offers formally equivalent functions, choose carefully which to implement in terms of the other.
- Do not force unnecessarily weak constructs on your users.
- For implementers of higher-level software:
- Choose your infrastructure carefully.
Examples
Alleged examples from professional programming circles include:
- In Ada, choice of the rendezvous construct as a synchronisation primitive forced programmers to implement simpler constructs such as semaphores on the more complex basis.[1]
- In Applesoft BASIC, integer arithmetic was implemented on top of floating-point arithmetic, and there were no bitwise operators and no support for blitting of raster graphics (even though the language supported vector graphics on the Apple II's raster hardware). This caused games and other programs written in BASIC to run more slowly.
- Like Applesoft BASIC, Lua has a floating-point type as its sole numeric type[2] when configured for desktop computers,[3] though it has no bitwise operators.
- A body of opinion holds the microkernel design to be an abstraction inversion (see the links). It is interesting that microkernels are also alleged to commit the design error of oversimplifying the components so as to overcomplicate their relationships.[4][5]
- Creating an object to represent a function is cumbersome in object-oriented languages such as Java and C++, in which functions are not first-class objects. In C++ it is possible to make an object 'callable' by overloading the
()operator, but it is still often necessary to implement a new class, such as the Functors in the STL. - Tom Lord has suggested that Subversion version control system pays for the abstraction inversion of implementing a write-only database on a read/write database with poor performance.[6]
Examples that are common outside professional programming circles include:
- Using spreadsheet lookup functions to replicate the functionality of a database
- Using variant data types as loop counters in Microsoft Visual Basic where an integer type is also available.
See also
References
- ^ Critique of DIN Kernel Lisp Definition Version 1.2, footnote 2 - says (without references) that the term derives from critiques of the Ada rendezvous, appears to be one of the earliest uses.
- ^ Programming in Lua : 2.3 - Numbers Accessed 2009-10-12.
- ^ lua-users wiki: Floating Point Accessed 2009-10-12.
- ^ Distribute those centralized microkernels in The Network Hardware Is the Operating System (Francisco J. Ballesteros and Luis L. Fernandez, 1997) suggests that ill-designed microkernels offer simple abstractions with heavyweight implementations, and that this may be called an "abstraction inversion".
- ^ The article 'Microkernel' at tunes.org gives many of the arguments against microkernels and suggests that it is an abstraction inversion to implement a modular high-level design using a low-level module manager.
- ^ sourcefrog : Tom Lord on Subversion
External links
- Abstraction Inversion at Portland Pattern Repository - extensive discussion, much of it taking "abstraction inversion" in the sense of "concealed complexity"