Nehalem (microarchitecture)
Nehalem (Template:IPA-en[1]) is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core microarchitecture.[2] Nehalem processors use the 45 nm process. A preview system with two Nehalem processors was shown at Intel Developer Forum in 2007. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7,[3] which was released in November 2008.
Nehalem, a recycled codename, refers to a completely different architecture from Netburst, although Nehalem still has some things in common with NetBurst. Nehalem-based microprocessors utilize higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient than Penryn microprocessors. Hyper-threading is reintroduced along with a reduction in L2, which has been incorporated as L3 Cache which is usable by all cores. Nehalem was replaced with the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture, released in January 2011.
Technology
- Hyper-threading reintroduced.
- 4–12 MB L3 cache
- Second-level branch predictor and translation lookaside buffer
- Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octo-core processors
- Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front side bus
- 64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) and 256 KB L2 cache/core.
- Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor in mid-range models, replacing the northbridge
- Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
- 2nd generation Intel Virtualization Technology which introduced Extended Page Table support, virtual processor identifiers (VPIDs), and non-maskable interrupt-window exiting [4]
Performance and power improvements
It has been reported that Nehalem has a focus on performance, thus the increased core size.[5] Compared to Penryn, Nehalem has:
- 10-25% more single-threaded performance / 20-100% more multithreaded performance at the same power level
- 30% lower power usage for the same performance
- Nehalem provides a 15–20% clock-for-clock increase in performance per core(average)
Overclocking is possible with Bloomfield processors and the X58 chipset. Lynnfield processors use a PCH removing the need for a northbridge chipset.[6]
Nehalem processors incorporate SSE 4.2 SIMD instructions, adding 7 new instructions to the SSE 4.1 set in the Core 2 series. The Nehalem architecture reduces atomic operation latency by 50% in an attempt to eliminate atomic overhead .[7]
Westmere
Westmere (formerly Nehalem-C) is the name given to the 32 nm die shrink of Nehalem. The first Westmere-based processors were launched on January 7, 2010.
Westmere's feature improvements from Nehalem as reported:
- Native six-core (Gulftown) and ten-core (Westmere-EX) processors.[8]
- A new set of instructions that gives over 3x the encryption and decryption rate of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) processes compared to before.[9]
- Delivers seven new instructions (AES instruction set or AES-NI) that will be used by the AES algorithm. Also an instruction called PCLMULQDQ (see CLMUL instruction set) that will perform carry-less multiplication for use in cryptography.[10] These instructions will allow the processor to perform hardware-accelerated encryption, not only resulting in faster execution but also protecting against software targeted attacks.
- Integrated graphics, added into the processor package (dual core Arrandale and Clarkdale only).
- Improved virtualization latency.[11]
- New virtualization capability: "VMX Unrestricted mode support," which allows 16-bit guests to run (real mode and big real mode).
- Support for "Huge Pages" of 1 GB in size.
Variants Overview
| Processing Cores (interface) | Process | Die Size | CPUID | Model | Stepping | Mobile | Desktop, UP Server | DP Server | MP Server |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eight-Core (Quad-Channel) | 45 nm | 684 mm² | 206E6 | 46 | D0 | Beckton (80604) | |||
| Quad-Core (Triple-Channel) | 45 nm | 263 mm² | 106A4 106A5 |
26 | C0 D0 |
Bloomfield (80601) | Gainestown (80602) | ||
| Quad-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe) | 45 nm | 296 mm² | 106E4 106E5 |
30 | B0 B1 |
Clarksfield (80607) | Lynnfield (80605) | Jasper Forest (80612) | |
| Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) | 45 nm | Auburndale (canceled) | Havendale (canceled) | ||||||
| Ten-Core (Quad-channel)[12] | 32 nm | 513 mm² | 206F2 | 47 | A2 | Westmere-EX (80615) | |||
| Six-Core (Triple-Channel) | 32 nm | 248 mm² | 206C2 | 44 | B1 | Gulftown (80613) | Westmere-EP (80614) | ||
| Dual-Core (Dual-Channel, PCIe, Graphics Core) | 32 nm 45 nm |
81+114 mm² | 20652 20655 |
37 | C2 K0 |
Arrandale (80617) | Clarkdale (80616) | ||
Nehalem
- Lynnfield processors feature integrated PCIe 1 x16 or 2 x8.
- 1 6500 series scalable up to 2 sockets, 7500 series scalable up to 4/8 sockets.[13]
Server / Desktop Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date | Price for 1k Unit | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chipset | Memory | ||||||||||||
| Beckton1 | MP Server / DP Server |
8 (16) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon [14] | X7560 | 2.26 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | DDR3-800 / 1066 (Up to 4x with SMB-Ready Motherboard) |
24 MB | 2010-03-30[15] | $3692 |
| X7550 | 2.0 GHz | 18 MB | $2837 | ||||||||||
| X6550 | $2461 | ||||||||||||
| L7555 | 1.86 GHz | 95 W | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 24 MB | $3157 | ||||||||
| 6 (12) | E7540 | 2.0 GHz | 105 W | 4× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 18 MB | $1980 | |||||||
| E6540 | 12 MB | $1712 | |||||||||||
| E7530 | 1.86 GHz | 4× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $1391 | ||||||||||
| L7545 | 18 MB | $2087 | |||||||||||
| 6 (6) | X7542 | 2.66 GHz | 130 W | $1980 | |||||||||
| 4 (8) | E7520 | 1.86 GHz | No | 105 W | 4× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $856 | |||||||
| E6510 | 1.73 GHz | 12 MB | $744 | ||||||||||
| Gainestown | DP Server[16] | 4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon[17] | W5590 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-13331 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $1600 |
| W5580 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[18] | $1500 | ||||||||||
| X5570 | 2.93 GHz | 95 W | $1286 | ||||||||||
| X5560 | 2.8 GHz | $1072 | |||||||||||
| X5550 | 2.66 GHz | $858 | |||||||||||
| E5540 | 2.53 GHz | 80 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-10661 | $744 | ||||||||
| E5530 | 2.4 GHz | $530 | |||||||||||
| E5520 | 2.26 GHz | $373 | |||||||||||
| L5530 | 2.4 GHz | 60 W | 2009-08-09 | $744 | |||||||||
| L5520 | 2.26 GHz | 2009-03-30 | $530 | ||||||||||
| L5518 | 2.13 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| 4 (4) | E5507 | 2.26 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-8001 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $266 | ||||
| E5506 | 2.13 GHz | 2009-03-29 | |||||||||||
| L5506 | 2.13 GHz | 60 W | $423 | ||||||||||
| E5504 | 2.0 GHz | 80 W | $224 | ||||||||||
| 2 (4) | L5508 | 2.0 GHz | Yes | 38 W | 2× 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 8 MB | $ | |||||
| 2 (2) | E5503 | 2.0 GHz | No | 80 W | 2× 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-800 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $224 | ||||
| E5502 | 1.86 GHz | 2009-03-29 | $188 | ||||||||||
| Bloomfield | UP Server[19] | 4 (8) | Xeon[20] | W3580 | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2009-08-09 | $999 | |
| W3570 | 3.2 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | |||||||||||
| W3565 | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-11-01 | $562 | ||||||||
| W3550 | 3.06 GHz | 2009-08-09 | |||||||||||
| W3540 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | |||||||||||
| W3530 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $294 | ||||||||||
| W3520 | 2.66 GHz | 2009-03-29[20] | $284 | ||||||||||
| 2(2) | W3505 | 2.53 GHz | No | 4 MB | $ | ||||||||
| W3503 | 2.4 GHz | $ | |||||||||||
| Lynnfield | 4 (8) | LGA 1156 |
X3480 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 8 MB | 2010-05-30 | $612 | ||
| X3470 | 2.93 GHz | 2009-09-08 | $589 | ||||||||||
| X3460 | 2.8 GHz | $316 | |||||||||||
| X3450 | 2.66 GHz | $241 | |||||||||||
| X3440 | 2.53 GHz | $215 | |||||||||||
| L3426 | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | $284 | ||||||||||
| 4 (4) | X3430 | 2.4 GHz | 95 W | $189 | |||||||||
| Bloomfield | Enthusiast Desktop[21] |
4 (8) | LGA 1366 |
Core i7 Extreme |
975[22] | 3.33 GHz | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2009-05-31 | $999 | |
| 965 | 3.2 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
| Core i7 | 960[23] | 3.2 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2009-10-20 | $562 | ||||||||
| 950[22] | 3.06 GHz | 2009-05-31 | |||||||||||
| 940 | 2.93 GHz | 2008-11-17 | |||||||||||
| 930 | 2.8 GHz | 2010-02-28 | $294 | ||||||||||
| 920 | 2.66 GHz | 2008-11-17 | $284 | ||||||||||
| Lynnfield | Performance Desktop |
LGA 1156 |
880 | 3.06 GHz | Yes | 95 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-05-30 | $583 | |||
| 875K | 2.93 GHz | $342 | |||||||||||
| 870[24] | 2009-09-08 | $562 | |||||||||||
| 870S | 2.66 GHz | 82 W | 2010-07-19 | $351 | |||||||||
| 860 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $284 | |||||||||
| 860S | 2.53 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $337 | |||||||||
| 4 (4) | Core i5 | 760 | 2.8 GHz | 95 W | 2010-07-17 | $209 | |||||||
| 750[25] | 2.66 GHz | 95 W | 2009-09-08 | $196 | |||||||||
| 750S | 2.4 GHz | 82 W | 2010-01-07 | $259 | |||||||||
- Intel states the Gainestown processors have six memory channels. Gainestown processors have dual QPI links and have a separate set of memory registers for each link in effect, a multiplexed six-channel system.[26][27]
Mobile Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & Model |
Core Clock rate |
Turbo | TDP | L3 cache |
Interface | Release Date | Price for 1k Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clarksfield | Extreme / Performance Mobile |
4 (8) | µPGA 988 |
Core i7 Extreme |
940XM | 2.13 GHz | Yes | 55 W | 8 MB | * DMI * 2x DDR3-1333 * PCIe 1 x16 / 2 x8 |
2010-06-21 | $1096 |
| 920XM | 2.0 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $1054 | |||||||||
| Core i7 | 840QM | 1.86 GHz | 45 W | 2010-06-21 | $568 | |||||||
| 820QM | 1.73 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $546 | |||||||||
| 740QM | 6 MB | 2010-06-21 | $378 | |||||||||
| 720QM | 1.6 GHz | 2009-09-23 | $364 | |||||||||
Westmere
- TDP includes the integrated GPU, if present.
- Clarkdale processors feature an integrated PCIe 1 x16.
- Clarkdale and Arrandale contain the 32 nm dual core processor Hillel and the 45 nm integrated graphics device Ironlake, and support switchable graphics.[28][29]
Server / Desktop Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Socket | Processor Branding & model |
Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Interfaces | L3 cache |
Release Date |
Price | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core | GPU | Chipset | Memory | |||||||||||
| Westmere-EX | MP Server | 10 (20) | LGA 1567 |
Xeon | E7-4870 | 2.4 GHz | — | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 30 MB | 2011-04-05 [30] |
$4394 | |
| E7-4860 | 2.26 GHz | 24 MB | $3838 | |||||||||||
| E7-4850 | 2 GHz | $2837 | ||||||||||||
| Gulftown / Westmere-EP [31] |
DP Server | 6 (12) | LGA 1366 |
Xeon | X5690 | 3.46 GHz | — | Yes | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 12 MB | 2011-02-13 | $1663 |
| X5680 | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | ||||||||||||
| X5675 | 3.06 GHz | 95 W | 2011-02-05 | $1440 | ||||||||||
| X5670 | 2.93 GHz | 2010-03-16 | $1440 | |||||||||||
| X5660 | 2.8 GHz | $1219 | ||||||||||||
| X5650 | 2.66 GHz | $996 | ||||||||||||
| E5645 | 2.4 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | $958 | ||||||||||
| L5640 | 2.26 GHz | 60 W | $996 | |||||||||||
| L5638 | 2.0 GHz | $958 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (8) | X5677 | 3.46 GHz | 130 W | 2× QPI 6.4 GT/s | $1663 | |||||||||
| X5667 | 3.06 GHz | 95 W | $1440 | |||||||||||
| E5640 | 2.66 GHz | 80 W | 2× QPI 5.86 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | $774 | |||||||||
| E5630 | 2.53 GHz | $551 | ||||||||||||
| E5620 | 2.4 GHz | $387 | ||||||||||||
| L5630 | 2.13 GHz | 40 W | $551 | |||||||||||
| L5618 | 1.86 GHz | $530 | ||||||||||||
| 4 (4) | L5609 | 1.86 GHz | No | 2× QPI 4.8 GT/s | $440 | |||||||||
| UP Server | 6 (12) | Xeon | W3680 | 3.33 GHz | — | Yes | 130 W | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1333 | 2010-03-16[32] | $999 | |||
| W3670 | 3.20 GHz | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 3× DDR3-1066 | 2010-08-29 | $885 | |||||||||
| Extreme / Performance Desktop |
Core i7 Extreme |
990X | 3.46 GHz | 1× QPI 6.4 GT/s | 2011-02-13 | $999 | ||||||||
| 980X | 3.33 GHz | 2010-03-16 | ||||||||||||
| Core i7 | 980 | 1× QPI 4.8 GT/s | 2011-06-26 | $583 | ||||||||||
| 970 | 3.20 GHz | 2010-07-17 | $583 | |||||||||||
| Clarkdale[33] | UP Server | 2 (4) | LGA 1156 |
Xeon | L3406 | 2.26 GHz | — | Yes | 30 W | DMI | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | 2010-03-16 | $189 |
| L3403 | 2.0 GHz | 2010-10 | $ | |||||||||||
| Mainstream / Value Desktop |
Core i5 | 680 | 3.6 GHz | 733 MHz | 73 W | 2× DDR3-1333 | 2010-04-18 | $294 | ||||||
| 670 | 3.46 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $284 | |||||||||||
| 661 | 3.33 GHz | 900 MHz | 87 W | $196 | ||||||||||
| 660 | 733 MHz | 73 W | ||||||||||||
| 650 | 3.2 GHz | $176 | ||||||||||||
| Core i3 | 560 | 3.33 GHz | No | 2010-08-29 | $138 | |||||||||
| 550 | 3.20 GHz | 2010-05-30 | ||||||||||||
| 540 | 3.06 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $133 | |||||||||||
| 530 | 2.93 GHz | $113 | ||||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | G6950 | 2.8 GHz | 533 MHz | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | $87 | |||||||
| Celeron | G1101 | 2.26 GHz | 2 MB | OEM | ||||||||||
Mobile Processors
| Codename | Market | Cores / Threads |
Processor Branding & Model |
CPU Clock rate | GPU Clock rate | Turbo | TDP | Memory | L3 cache |
Interface | Release Date |
Price | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Turbo (1C/2C active cores ) | |||||||||||||
| Arrandale | Mainstream /
Value Mobile |
2 (4) | Core i7 | 640M | 2.8 GHz | 3.47/3.2 GHz | 766 MHz | Yes | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 4 MB | * DMI * PCIe 1 x16 * Socket: µPGA-988 / BGA-1288 |
2010-09-26 | $346 |
| 620M | 2.66 GHz | 3.33/3.2 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||||
| 610E | 2.53 GHz | 3.2/2.93 GHz | OEM | |||||||||||
| 660LM | 2.26 GHz | 3.06/2.8 GHz | 566 MHz | 25 W | 2010-09-26 | $346 | ||||||||
| 640LM | 2.13 GHz | 2.93/2.66 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $332 | ||||||||||
| 620LM / 620LE | 2.0 GHz | 2.8/2.53 GHz | $300 | |||||||||||
| 680UM | 1.46 GHz | 2.53/2.16 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $317 | |||||||
| 660UM | 1.33 GHz | 2.4/2.0 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $289 | ||||||||||
| 640UM | 1.2 GHz | 2.26/1.87 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $305 | ||||||||||
| 620UM / 620UE | 1.06 GHz | 2.13/1.76 GHz | $278 | |||||||||||
| Core i5 | 580M | 2.66 GHz | 3.33/2.93 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 3 MB | 2010-09-26 | $266 | |||||
| 560M | 2.66 GHz | 3.2/2.93 GHz | $260 | |||||||||||
| 540M | 2.53 GHz | 3.06/2.8 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $257 | ||||||||||
| 520M / 520E | 2.4 GHz | 2.93/2.66 GHz | $225 | |||||||||||
| 560UM | 1.33 GHz | 2.13/1.86 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-09-26 | $250 | |||||||
| 540UM | 1.2 GHz | 2.0/1.73 GHz | 2010-05-25 | $250 | ||||||||||
| 520UM | 1.06 GHz | 1.86/1.6 GHz | 2010-01-07 | $241 | ||||||||||
| 480M | 2.67 GHz | 2.93/2.93 GHz | 766 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2011-01-09 | OEM | |||||||
| 460M | 2.53 GHz | 2.8/2.8 GHz | 2010-09-26 | |||||||||||
| 450M | 2.4 GHz | 2.66/2.66 GHz | 2010-06-26 | |||||||||||
| 430M | 2.26 GHz | 2.53/2.53 GHz | 2010-01-07 | |||||||||||
| 470UM | 1.33 GHz | 1.86/1.6 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | ||||||||
| 430UM | 1.2 GHz | 1.73/1.47 GHz | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||||
| Core i3 | 380M | 2.54 GHz | n/a | 667 MHz | No | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | ||||||
| 370M | 2.4 GHz | 2010-06-20 | ||||||||||||
| 350M | 2.26 GHz | 2010-01-07 | ||||||||||||
| 330M / 330E | 2.13 GHz | |||||||||||||
| 380UM | 1.33 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-10-01 | |||||||||
| 330UM | 1.2 GHz | 2010-05-25 | ||||||||||||
| 2 (2) | Pentium | P6200 | 2.13 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2010-09-26 | |||||||
| P6100 | 2.00 GHz | |||||||||||||
| P6000 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-06-20 | ||||||||||||
| U5400 | 1.20 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
| Celeron | P4600 | 2.00 GHz | 667 MHz | 35 W | 2× DDR3-1066 | 2 MB | 2010-09-26 | $86 | ||||||
| P4500 / P4505 | 1.86 GHz | 2010-03-28 | OEM | |||||||||||
| U3400 / U3405 | 1.06 GHz | 500 MHz | 18 W | 2× DDR3-800 / 1066 | 2010-05-25 | |||||||||
Successor
The successor to Nehalem and Westmere is Sandy Bridge.
References
- ^ I Am Nehalem
- ^ Intel Details Upcoming New Processor Generations, Intel Corporation, 2007-03-28
- ^ Gruener, Wolfgang (2008-08-10), Nehalem = i7: Intel unveils new Core processor brand, TG Daily
- ^ QInside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System
- ^ "Intel's dual teamed approached to micro-architecture development", PC Watch (in Japanese), 2008-01-29
- ^ Botezatu, Bogdan (2008-04-22), Intel: No Overclocking for Mainstream Nehalems, Softpedia
- ^ NO EXECUTE!
- ^ Intel says no to 28nm, focuses on 22nm: Ivy Bridge/Haswell & Larrabee
- ^ Smalley, Tim (2007-09-19), Westmere is Nehalem's successor, bit-tech.net
- ^ Carry-Less Multiplication and Its Usage for Computing The GCM Mode – Intel Software Network, 2008-04-11, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Fuad Abazovic (2008-09-16), Westmere 32nm to improve Nehalem features, Fudzilla.com, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Westmere-EX 10 core CPUs announced by Intel at IDF
- ^ High-End x86: The Nehalem EX Xeon 7500 and Dell R810
- ^ AMD launches 12-core Opteron server chips, Intel counters with the 8-core Xeon 7500, engadedget.com, 2010-03-31, retrieved 2010-03-31
- ^ Nebojsa Novakovic (2009-02-12), Intel's next bunch of fun CPUs moves to 2010, CNN International, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Product brief, (Document Number: 321579-001US) (PDF), Intel, 2009-04-01, retrieved 2010-08-27
- ^ Core i7 to make leap to Xeon in early 2009, Legacy.macnn.com, retrieved 2008-11-24
- ^ Fuad Abazovic (2009-01-28), Nehalem based Xeon comes Mar 29th, Fudzilla.com, retrieved 2009-01-28
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 3500 Series, Intel, 2009-04-01, retrieved 2009-04-10
- ^ a b c d Teglet, Traian (2008-11-13), Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor, softpedia, retrieved 2008-11-13 Cite error: The named reference "Intel to Add New Nehalem Xeon Processor" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Intel Core i7 Processor Extreme Datasheet, Volume 2, (Document Number: 320835-002)" (PDF). Intel. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2009-03-24.
- ^ a b Worrel, Jon (2009-02-09), Core i7 950 and 975 to replace 940 and 965, Fudzilla, retrieved 2009-02-10
- ^ Intel to launch new Core i7 960 and Celerons
- ^ Intel Core i5-750, AnandTech, 2009-06-17
- ^ Intel Quietly Announces Core i5, Xtreview, 2009-06-26
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5000 SequenceTechnical Documents
- ^ Intel Xeon Processor 5500 Series Datasheet Volume 2 (PDF), Intel, March 2009, retrieved 2009-05-01
- ^ Bell, Brandon (2009-02-10), Intel CPU Roadmap 2009–2010, FS Media, Inc, retrieved 2009-03-01
- ^ CPU list
- ^ Intel Launches New Xeon Chips with Up to Ten Cores
- ^ Intel pushes workhorse Xeons to six cores
- ^ Intel Launches Its Most Secure Data Center Processor
- ^ Intel Clarkdale Processor, XTREVIEW, 2009-02-09, retrieved 2009-03-01
Further reading
 | This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (August 2010) |
- InfoWorld review: Intel's Westmere struts its stuff, InfoWorld, 2010-03-16
- IDF: Intel Clarkdale Up Close and Personal, X-bit Labs, 2009-09-24
- Intel Core i7 Processors: Nehalem and X58 Have Arrived, Hot Hardware, 2008-11-03
- Intel Core i7 CPU & Nehalem Architecture Review, hardCOREware.net, 2008-11-03
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 Series Complete Review, PC Perspective, 2008-11-03
- Intel Nehalem Core i7 940 Review, Xtreview, 2008-10-01
- Altavilla, Dave (2008-03-17), Intel Showcases Dunnington, Nehalem and Larrabee Processors, HotHardware
- Shrout, Ryan (2008-03-28), Intel Slides and Nehalem architecture information, PC Perspective
- Stokes, Jon (2007-03-28), Intel drops a Nehalem bomb on AMD's Fusion: integrated graphics, on-die memory controller, SMT, Ars Technica
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2007-09-18), Nehalem: Single die, 8-cores, 731M transistors, AnandTech
- Lal Shimpi, Anand (2008-11-03), Nehalem - Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech
- David Kanter (2010-04-04). "Inside Nehalem: Intel's Future Processor and System". realworldtech.com. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- Holland, Maggie (2007-09-19), IDF 2007: Intel debuts Nehalem, IT Pro
- Everything we know about Nehalem (in Spanish), CHW.net, 2008-01-05
- Stokes, Jon (2008-04-09), What you need to know about Intel's Nehalem CPU, Ars Technica
- Torres, Gabriel (2008-03-17), Details on the Forthcoming Intel Nehalem Processor, Hardware Secrets
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-06-05), The Nehalem Preview: Intel Does It Again, AnandTech
- Shimpi, Anand Lal (2008-08-21), Nehalem – Everything You Need to Know about Intel's New Architecture, AnandTech
- First Look at Nehalem Microarchitecture, X-bit Labs, 2008-11-02
External links
- Nehalem processor at Intel.com