40-bit encryption
40-bit encryption refers to a key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a trillion, nearly two hundred times the world's human population), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a brute force attack — that is, trying out each possible key in turn.
A typical home computer in 2004 could brute-force a 40-bit key in a little under two weeks, testing a million keys per second; modern computers are able to achieve this much faster. Using free time on a large corporate network or a botnet would reduce the time in proportion to the number of computers available. [1]p.154 With dedicated hardware, a 40-bit key can be broken in seconds. The Electronic Frontier Foundation's Deep Crack, built by a group of enthusiasts for US$250,000 in 1998, could break a 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES) key in days,[2] and would be able to break 40-bit DES encryption in about two seconds.[1]p. 153
40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1996, when algorithms with larger key lengths could not legally be exported from the United States without a case-by-case license.[3][1]p.615 As a result, the "international" versions of web browsers were designed to have an effective key size of 40 bits when using Secure Sockets Layer to protect e-commerce. Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of Wired Equivalent Privacy. In 1992, IBM designed the CDMF algorithm to reduce the strength of 56-bit DES against brute force attack to 40 bits, in order to create exportable DES implementations.
Obsolescence
All 40-bit and 56-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are dangerously vulnerable to brute force attacks, and therefore cannot be regarded as secure. As a result, virtually all web browsers now use 128-bit keys, which are considered strong. Some web servers will not communicate with a client unless it has a 128-bit encryption capability installed on it.
It should also be noted that public/private key pairs used in asymmetric encryption (public key cryptography) must be much longer than 128 bits for security; see key size for more details.
As a general rule, modern encryption algorithms such as AES use key lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits.
See also
References
- ^ a b c Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-11709-9
- ^ https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Crypto/Crypto_misc/DESCracker
- ^ Encryption Export Controls, Jeanne J. Grimmett, Congressional Research Service report RL30273, 2001 "In the early 1990's ... As a general policy, the State Department allowed exports of commercial encryption with 40-bit keys, although some software with DES could be exported to U.S.-controlled subsidiaries and financial institutions."